Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract Today, as age increases, the demand for independent living has increased. Since driving is one
of the safest and preferred ways for the elderly to travel, paying close attention to the accurate
assessment of the elderly’s driving ability can prevent traffic accidents in this age group. The purpose
of this study was to identify and introduce practical tools for drive assessment fitness of the elderly.
This systematic review was conducted according to Cochrane methodology and reported findings
according to PRISMA. The following databases were searched from PubMed, ISI web of knowledge,
Scopus, ProQuest, Medlib, SID, Magiran, Iran doc, and Iran Medex based on the population
intervention comparison outcome method. The total records involving 12 main tools were assessed
from 26 selected records in the final evaluation. The research findings indicated the selection of
seven tools in the psycho‑cognitive function domain such as TMT‑B, Clock Drawing Test, MAZE,
Montreal Cognitive Assessment, GDS‑15, MMSE, and ACE‑R, three tools in the sensory function
domain such as Snellen, Confrontation Visual field, and Whispered Voice Test, and also two tools
in motor function domain such as Rapid pace walk, and Manual test of the range of motion. The
findings led to selecting practical, accurate, and fast tools for widespread use for the assessment of
driving competencies of the elderly. Therefore, it is recommended that the selected tools be used in
practical batteries to assess the driving skills of the elderly.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Many of the problems caused by aging can be delayed and the health of the elderly
maintained by improving and applying a healthy lifestyle during old age. Therefore, the researcher
has designed and implemented a study aimed “compare the impact of group motivational interviews
with multimedia education on improving lifestyle in the elderly.”
METHODS: This study is triple blind before and after clinical trial was performed on three groups of
thirty (n = 90) of the elderly with mean age 63.41 ± 6.88 who were members of the elderly centers
of Tehran city neighborhoods with average to unfavorable lifestyle score. The first test group was
subjected to group motivational interviewing during five sessions. The second test group was subjected
to distant multimedia training. No training was given to the third group as the control group. After
3 months, the lifestyle questionnaire was completed in three groups. The results were analyzed
by these techniques as statistical tests such as mean, standard deviation, relative frequency, and
absolute frequency were used. The inferential statistical tests such as paired t‑test and one‑way
ANOVA were used, respectively, to compare the pre‑ and post‑mean scores and in each group and
compare the mean scores of lifestyle dimensions in three groups.
RESULTS: Both motivational interviewing and multimedia education have been effective in changing
the lifestyle of the elderly, but according to the findings, motivational interviewing has a greater impact
on elderly lifestyle. The total lifestyle score in four areas such as nutrition, self‑care, mental health,
and physical activity was significantly different in the three groups after the intervention (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Each educational program can somehow improve behavioral skills in individuals.
Effective teaching methods should address the learning difficulties and inability to learn during the
aging period. The results of this study can be a step toward the elaboration of strategies for education
and promotion of healthy lifestyle in the elderly.

Abstract Background and Objective: Adult age is a sensitive period of human life and paying attention
to the issues and needs of this stage is a social necessity. Regarding the specific needs of this
period, considering the empowerment, dignity, and self-efficacy in the elders is very important too,
which is frequently neglected. This study aims to determine the effect of family-based interventions
on the elders’ empowerment with emphasis on self-efficacy, self-esteem, perceive threat, and
quality of life of the elders in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study,
64 elderly people with the ability to perform routine and daily tasks without dependence on
others and without systemic and restrictive diseases were chosen by available sampling method
and were divided into two intervention and control groups. In intervention group, the model of
family-based empowerment was trained and conducted in ten 45-minute sessions. The level of
perceived threat, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and life quality in both groups were evaluated before
and after intervention through a questionnaire. Chi Square, paired and independent t-test were
used for statistical analysis. Results: Statistical test of paired t-test indicated that family-based
empowerment model significantly increased the quality of life in intervention group compared with
the control group (P < 0.01). Statistical test of independent t-test showed a significant difference
in intervention and control groups after conducting the program in the score of the self-esteem
(P < 0.001). Regarding self-efficiency, independent t-test did not show any significant difference
between the two groups before intervention. Despite the increase of self-efficacy score after
intervention, this difference was not significant (P = 0.076). Conclusion: Regarding the findings of
this research, we can conclude that it is possible to increase the level of self-efficacy, self-esteem,
perceived threat, and finally quality of life of the elders and facilitate the way for healthy aging and
being healthy in this period using family-based empowerment model regularly and consistently.