Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: It’s already known for certain that SARS‑CoV‑2 can affect any vital human
organ, and super‑complex cases are even characterized by multiple organ pathology. In particular,
complications of COVID‑19 for the kidneys can be irreversible. Consequently, this virus forces us
to review the approaches and standards of diagnosis and treatment in most nosologies to minimize
the risks as much as possible. Thus, a low level of prediction of the course of coronavirus infection
requires a comprehensive approach considering the psychological characteristics of the individual
suffering from this disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method of chronometric testing is used to predict the predisposition
to the course of SARS‑CoV‑2 with nephrotic complications (using an electronic chronoscope) and
calculate the duration of an individual’s biological life cycle to predict the severity of the course of
coronavirus infection. Experimental study of the localization of symptoms of chronic nephrological
diseases in typological groups of patients with SARS‑CoV‑2 using the method of psychodiagnostics.
The duration of the study is six months 2020–2021. The study was conducted under the guidance
of a nephrologist at the Odrex Clinic I.I.
RESULTS: The results of an experimental study show that the psychological type determines the
predisposition to the course of SARS‑CoV‑2 with nephrotic complications; in most of these patients,
severe (834 patients) forms of the course coincided with the end of quarters of the long biological
cycle of an individual’s life.
CONCLUSION: The chronopsychotype makes it possible to predict the predisposition of individuals
to the course of SARS‑CoV‑2 with nephrological complications and the severity of the disease.

Abstract ntroduction: COVID‑19 has affected the quality of life of all age groups. Medical education during 
the pandemic shifted to online mode due to lockdown restrictions. The stress felt by medical students 
during the pandemic has been studied less. The current study aimed to assessed the stressors and 
de‑stressors for undergraduate medical students during the COVID‑19 pandemic.
Materials and methods: A cross‑sectional online survey was conducted for the undergraduate 
medical students of a tertiary care institute of eastern India. A total of 307 medical students were 
included in the study by convenient and snowball sampling. A self‑designed semi‑structural 
questionnaire was created as a Google form and circulated among the students between September 
and October 2020. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling was adopted. Responses 
regarding stressors and de‑stressors were recorded on a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed 
using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Categorical variables were presented 
as percentages and descriptive statistics were performed.
Results: A total of 307 students responded and 64.5% of them were men and 35.5% were women. 
47.6% of the students experienced stress due to changes brought about by COVID‑19. Risk of parents 
getting infection (63.2%), fear of not easily returning home (53.1%), lack of clinical exposure (52.7%), 
and financial impact (47.9%) were the major stressors perceived by the students. Connecting with 
family and friends through social media (47.5%), gaming (45.0%), online streaming platform (51.2%), 
spending time with family members (54.4%) were the coping strategies adopted by these students.
Conclusion: Higher level of psychological stress perceived by the undergraduate students needs 
psychological intervention. Academic revamp and adaptation of coping strategies are required for 
the medical under‑graduates.

Abstract BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic has spread all over the world. However, information regarding
clinical characteristics and prognostic factors is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the
impact of preexistent chronic comorbid conditions and multimorbidity on risk of mortality in patients
with COVID‑19.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a retrospective, cross‑sectional, observational,
single‑center study. Data were analyzed from all consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID‑19 who
admitted in a pandemic hospital affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,
from February 20, 2020, to September 25, 2020. The independent effects of preexistent conditions
were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression model.
RESULTS: A total of 2597 hospitalized patients with COVID‑19 were included. At least one preexistent
condition was observed in 36.5% of study population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed
that older age, male sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, chronic kidney
diseases, liver diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with increased
risk of mortality. In addition, the number of comorbidities was significantly associated with increased
odds of mortality compared to no‑comorbidity.
CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that patients with comorbidities have an increased
risk of in‑hospital mortality following COVID‑19 infection.

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2, was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. It is now known as a
pandemic and a global crisis due to rapid human‑to‑human transmission with the vast expansion
that has affected almost all countries. The primary source of the disease is still unknown, but it is
possible that the virus was transmitted through bat to an intermediate host and then to humans.
The main and early symptoms of COVID‑19 infection are fatigue, fever, dry cough, myalgia, and
dyspnea. The incubation period of the disease is about 2–14 days, which is one of the important
parameters for planning to prevent disease outbreak. PT‑polymerase chain reaction test is used to
diagnose the disease; chest computed tomography scan, chest X‑ray, blood tests, and symptoms
are also very helpful in diagnosing the disease. There is a strong emphasis on controlling infections
and hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of the disease. There is not enough knowledge about
this disease yet, and there are no specific vaccines or medications available to prevent and treat this
disease. The current review study uses articles indexed on databases of Embase, Elsevier, PubMed,
and World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and keywords of
coronavirus, COVID‑19, acute respiratory distress syndrome and China.