Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: International research collaboration (IRC) is known as one of the important indicators
of productivity, efficiency, and validity of universities in the world. In other words, IRC is necessary
for the scientific trade‑off between researchers in international scientific societies. The study aimed
to address the experiences of an academic researcher about factors related to IRC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted using a qualitative approach
and conventional content analysis method. The participants consisted of 19 experienced faculty
members and researchers from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, who were selected based
on the purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Data were collected through semi‑structured
interviews and were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Guba and Lincoln’s evaluative
criteria, including credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability, were applied to evaluate
the trustworthiness of the study.
RESULTS: According to the research findings, factors of “personal skills,” “personality,” “professional
position,” and “scientific activities” under the category of personal factors; “rules and regulations”
and “equipment and facilities” under the organizational factors; and “domestic policies” and “foreign
policies” were identified under the government factors category.
CONCLUSION: Research collaborations are influenced by individual, intra‑academic, and
extra‑academic factors; thus, research policymakers can help further to enhance the quantity and
quality of scientific output and promote the university’s placing in international rankings through
providing conditions that enable international interactions.

Abstract BACKGROUND: One of the most important responsibilities of today’s university libraries is supporting
research activities. The present research is aimed at explaining the librarians’ competencies in
providing research services for researchers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed in 2018 with a qualitative approach and
conventional content analysis. The participants were 18 faculty members, students, and librarians
selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was done by 18 semi‑structured interviews.
Continuous data analysis was performed by conventional content analysis.
RESULTS: According to the participants’ experiences, two major categories were recognized,
including “general competencies” and “specialized competencies.” The general competencies
category included three subcategories of communication skill, professional ethics, and basic abilities.
The specialized competencies category included six subcategories of information resource retrieval
and evaluation, using research software, research assistance, intellectual property literacy, scientific
publication literacy, scientometrics, and altmetrics.
CONCLUSION: According to the participants’ experiences, university librarians need specialized
competencies in addition to basic and transdisciplinary abilities. It is suggested for research managers
and policymakers to plan for empowering librarians regarding the results of the present study.

Abstract AIM AND BACKGROUND: Social anxiety can interfere with performance and academic success in
students. One of the third‑generation treatments for social anxiety is acceptance and commitment
therapy. Therefore, the current study aims to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and
commitment group therapy on social anxiety of female dormitory residents of Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences.
METHODS: This was a semiempirical study with pre‑ and posttest conducted on 71 female students
living in the dormitory of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The study was carried out in five
training sessions using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and second version of acceptance and
commitment scale whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Data were analyzed using Student’s
t‑test.
RESULTS: The findings showed that acceptance and commitment group therapy has affected the
social anxiety in female dormitory residents of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (P < 0.0001).
CONCLUTIONS: The findings of this study can be used by student deputies of universities,
consultation centers, as well as counselors and psychologists to improve the conditions for students.

Abstract BACKGROUND: As one of the indicators of actual growth and scientific development capacity of
countries, the importance of the research is steadily increasing. Knowing that success depends on
the work done by researchers so identified identify these barriers and pave the way for one of the
concerned authorities of their research.
METHODS: This qualitative study using analysis of the theme. Semi‑structured interviews were
used to collect the data. Participants include people who are experienced and knowledgeable in
the field. Sampling was purposeful and continued until data saturation. The criteria of “reliability”,
“trustworthiness”, “reliability” and “significant consolidation” of data were considered.
RESULTS: Data analysis led to the extraction of code 600, 5, and 35 issues were Zyrmvzv. Five topics
including motivation, success factors, barriers and problems, reflections and strategies, respectively.
Conclusion: Discussion interest, innovation, the ability to apply research methods, specializes in
the research literature and English language skills of researchers successfully in printing paper.
Creating strong incentives to improve the material and spiritual encouragement and removal of
obstacles, increase the amount of scientific publications and its opposite, although the force can cause
increased production of scientific publications, but the negative consequences of such unhealthy
competition and robbery also will follow. As a result, universities have to go through proper planning
and management in the areas of research and teaching more responsible to pay it.

Abstract Background: Information‑seeking anxiety is a feeling caused by abundance of information or
failure to proper interpret the information that can adversely affect the ability of individuals for
seeking information and meeting their information needs. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate
information‑seeking anxiety, factors causing it, and methods for addressing and reducing
this type of anxiety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate information‑seeking anxiety in
postgraduate students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This
study has been conducted using survey method. A total of 265 postgraduate students of Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences were selected with the help of stratified random sampling. Data
collection tool was a questionnaire designed for this purpose. The gathered data was analyzed
using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results indicated that the topic selection
factor played a more prominent role in creating information seeking anxiety compared to other
factors. Apart from students of school of medicine, information seeking anxiety was below
average among the students. In addition, there was a significant difference between information
seeking anxiety in students from different departments. Finally, female students had higher
information seeking anxiety compared to male students. Conclusion: Although information
seeking anxiety among students was lower than average in most cases, further reduction of
anxiety could be achieved by facilitating access to information resources and library information
services and increasing the quality of students’ information literacy through training courses
tailored to each discipline are necessary.

Abstract Background: The aim of this research was to study the pathology of Isfahan University
of Medical Sciences based on Weisbord six box model and to find its relation with mental
health. Materials and Methods: The research method followed was a descriptive survey.
The statistical society consisted of all staffs of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
consisting of professors in the year 2012 (personnel of deputy of treatment, deputy of training,
cultural‑student deputy, supporting deputy, deputy of food and drugs, health deputy, and deputy
of research). The number of subjects in the mentioned society was 1647, sample size was 332
Based on Cochrane’s formula. They were selected by random sampling method in proportion
with the statistical society.The measurement instruments included organizational pathology
questionnaire (ODQ) with 35 questions and the questionnaire of mental health standard [General
Health Questionnaire (GHQ)] with 28 questions. The validity of the questionnaires obtained
from reviews by faculties and experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire assessed
through Cronbach’s coefficient were 0.86, 0.85, and 0.76, respectively.To analyze data, the
statistical methods such as single‑variance t‑test, regression analysis, correlation coefficient,
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were used.
Findings: The findings of research demonstrated that the organizational damage based on
six box model was seen only in the reward component at the Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences. Mental health of persons in the sample group of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
was in the suitable status. There was a meaningful and positive interrelation between mental
health and attitude toward the organizational damages in the dimensions of communications,
useful merchandises, and attitude to change. However, no meaningful interrelation was seen
between aims, structure, leadership, and reward and mental health. There was no meaningful
difference between the averages of staffs’ attitude about their mental health per the demographic
properties. Conclusions: The results show that there was a meaningful and positive interrelation
between mental health and attitude toward the organizational damages in the dimensions of
communications, useful merchandises, and attitude to change. Therefore, managers should
focus on all parts of the organization and the pathology strengths and weaknesses in these areas.

Abstract Background: Information literacy is the basis for lifelong learning. Information literacy skills,
especially for student in an environment that is full of information from multiple technologies
are being developed is equally important. Information literacy is a set of cognitive and
practical skills and like any other science, proper training is needed, and standard‑based
education is definitely better and evaluation would be easier. This study aimed to determine
the impact of information literacy training course on information literacy skills of Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences students based on ACRL standard in 2012. Materials and
Methods: The study method is semi‑experience with two group design (with pre‑test and
post‑test) and applied. The data collection toll was a questionnaire assessing student’s
information literacy that developed by Davarpanah and Siamak and validity was confirmed
by professional librarians and reliability as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.83. The
sample consisted of 50 undergraduate students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
that by random sampling method was perch in both case and control groups. Before and
after the training (once a week), a questionnaire was distributed between the two groups.
This training was held in a classroom equipped with computers with internet access and in
addition to training using brochures and librarian presentation, interactive methods such as
discussion and exercises were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software
and two level of descriptive (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (t‑test and t‑paired).
Results: The results showed that the students’ information literacy scores before the training
was lower than average, so that in the control group was 32.96 and in the case group was
33.24; while information literacy scores in the case group significantly increased after the
training (46.68). Also, the effect of education, respectively had a greater impact on the ability
to access information (the second standard), ethics and legal use of information (the third
standard), effective use of information (the fourth standard), critically evaluate information and
its sources (the fifth standard). Conclusion: This study showed that the training was effective
on enhancing students’ information literacy skills as the greatest impact was on increasing the ability to access information. Due to low mean score information literacy in the context of
object recognition, there is a need for more training in this area.

Abstract Introduction: Research self‑efficacy if the people’s judgment of their abilities in order to
organize and conduct meaningful research in different formats. The aim of this study is to
determinate the rate of research self‑efficacy among students of Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences based on Research Self‑efficacy Scale. Materials and Methods: The method of this
study is an applied survey method. Statistical population is all students of Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences and the sample size was calculated to be 361 samples based on Krejcie and
Morgan table. Random sampling method was used with equal number of samples from every
department. Data collection tool is Salehi et al. questionnaire (with 7 dimensions) with Likert
scale (5 grades). Its validity and reliability were confirmed by Psychology and Research Method
experts and Cronbach’s alpha (r = 0.84) respectively. Data gathering method was direct visit to
each department. The data was then analyzed using t‑test and one‑tailed ANOVA using SPSS 16
software. Results: The finding showed that among research self‑efficiency dimensions research
ethics dimension had the highest and quality research dimension had the lowest means.
Furthermore comparing the research self‑efficacy scores with demographic characteristics
suggests that there is no significant difference between total score of research self‑efficacy of
different departments, genders or educational degrees (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Since the score
of most of the research self‑efficacy dimensions were, lower than average, holding periodical
workshops, inclusion of necessary courses in the educational plan, forcing student to perform
research activity such as writing articles in lower educational levels and improvement of research
culture for students with the help of experienced professors are some of practical solutions,
which can lead to increasing the motivation of the students for conducting efficient research.

Abstract Introduction: Performance measurement is inevitable for university libraries. Hence, planning
and establishing a constant and up‑to‑date measurement system is required for the libraries,
especially the university libraries. The primary studies and analyses reveal that the EFQM
Excellence Model has been efficient, and the administrative reform program has focused on
the implementation of this model. Therefore, on the basis of these facts as well as the need for
a measurement system, the researchers measured the performance of libraries in schools and
hospitals supported by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, using the EFQM Organizational
Excellence Model. Materials and Methods: This descriptive research study was carried out by
a cross‑sectional survey method in 2011. This research study included librarians and library
directors of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (70 people). The validity of the instrument
was measured by the specialists in the field of Management and Library Science. To measure
the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient value was measured (0.93).
The t‑test, ANOVA, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used for measurements.
The data were analyzed by SPSS. Results: Data analysis revealed that the mean score of
the performance measurement for the libraries under study and between nine dimensions
the highest score was 65.3% for leadership dimension and the lowest scores were 55.1% for
people and 55.1% for society results. Conclusion: In general, using the ninth EFQM model the
average level of all dimensions, which is in good agreement with normal values, was assessed.
However, compared to other results, the criterion people and society results were poor. It is
Recommended by forming the expert committee on criterion people and society results by
individuals concerned with the various conferences and training courses to improve the aspects.

Abstract Background: Nowadays, no student can ever pursue the ends of his studies unless he makes
use of his information literacy skills. To become lifelong learners, they do need these skills.
Information literacy is a set of information needed for searching, retrieval, evaluating, and
making best use of information. This study uncovers the relationship between information
literacy and academic performance among students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: This is a practical study using a survey method. All MA students
in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences make the statistical population for this study,
according to the sample size determined by using Cochran formula 265 samples that were
selected by stratified random sampling. Data collection was through information literacy
questionnaires designed by Davarpanah and Siamak, verified by Library and Information
Sciences experts; and finally, gave a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83. To determine academic
performance, the average scores of the students in previous semesters were considered.
Results: The information literacy of all other students was significantly higher than medium
except for students at Nursing and Nutrition faculties. The students of Management and
Information Sciences faculty had the highest level of information literacy and students of
nutrition faculty were attributed with the least level. There was no significant difference
between male and female students’ information literacy. We also found out that there was
a significant positive relationship between information literacy and students’ academic
performance in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Conclusion: Information literacy is
one of the most important factors that leads to educational success. As there is a significant
positive relationship between information literacy and students’ academic performance,
we should necessarily provide them with relative skills dealing with information literacy to
improve their academic performance.

Abstract Introduction: The efficient use of libraries can be an important factor in determining the
educational quality of Universities. Therefore, investigation and identification of factors affecting
library anxiety becomes increasingly necessary. The purpose of this research is to determine the
factors effecting library anxiety of students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This was an applied survey research
using Bostick’s Library Anxiety questionnaire as data gathering tool. The statistical population
consisted of all students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences (15011 students) with the sample size of 375 using stratified random sampling.
The validity of data gathering tool was confirmed by experts in the library and information
science and its reliability was determined by Cronbach’s alpha (r = 0.92). Descriptive
statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t‑test
and ANOVA) were used for data analysis using SPSS 18 software. Results: Findings showed
that the mean of library anxiety score was 2.68 and 2.66 for students of Isfahan University
of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences respectively which is above
average (2.5). Furthermore, age and gender had no meaningful effect on the library anxiety
of students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, but gender had a meaningful effect on
library anxiety of students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences while age had no such
effect. Conclusion: The results showed that the mean of factors effecting library anxiety in
students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and students of Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences is higher than average and therefore not satisfactory and only factors relating to feeling
comfortable in the library is lower than average and somewhat satisfactory.

Abstract Introduction: Information‑seeking behaviors have been one of the main focuses of researchers
in order to identify and solve the problems users face in information recovery. The aim of this
research is Comparative on Information‑Seeking Behavior of the Postgraduate Students in
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Isfahan University in Writing Dissertation based on
Kuhlthau Model of Information Search Process in 2012. Materials and Methods: The research
method followed is survey and the data collection tool is Narmenji questionnaire. Statistical
population was all postgraduate students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Isfahan
University. The sample size was 196 people and sampling was stratified randomly. The type of
statistical analyses were descriptive (mean and frequency) and inferential (independent t test
and Pearson’s correlation) and the software used was SPSS20. Results: The findings showed
that Isfahan Medical Sciences University followed 20% of the order steps of this model and
Isfahan University did not follow this model. In the first stage (Initiation) and sixth (Presentation)
of feelings aspects and in actions (total stages) significant difference was found between
students from the two universities. Between gender and fourth stage (Formulation) and the
total score of feelings the Kuhlthau model there has a significant relationship. Also there
was a significant and inverse relationship between the third stage (Exploration) of feelings
and age of the students. Conclusion: The results showed that in writing dissertation there
were some major differences in following up the Kuhlthau model between students of the
two Universities. There are significant differences between some of the stages of feelings
and actions of students’ information‑seeking behavior from the two universities. There
is a significant relationship between the
fourth stage (Formulation) of feelings in the
Kuhlthau Model with gender and third stage
of the Feelings (Exploration) with age.

Abstract Background: Patients, as one of the most prominent groups requiring health‑based information,
encounter numerous problems in order to obtain these pieces of information and apply them. The
aim of this study was to determine the information‑seeking behavior of cardiovascular patients who
were hospitalized in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences hospitals. Materials and Methods: This
is a survey research. The population consisted of all patients with cardiovascular disease who
were hospitalized in the hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during 2012.
According to the statistics, the number of patients was 6000. The sample size was determined
based on the formula of Cochran; 400 patients were randomly selected. Data were collected
by researcher‑made questionnaire. Two‑level descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were
used for analysis. Results: The data showed that the awareness of the probability to recover
and finding appropriate medical care centers were the most significant informational needs.
The practitioners, television, and radio were used more than the other informational resources.
Lack of familiarity to medical terminologies and unaccountability of medical staff were the major
obstacles faced by the patients to obtain information. The results also showed that there was no
significant relationship between the patients’ gender and information‑seeking behavior, whereas
there was a significant relationship between the demographic features (age, education, place of
residence) and information‑seeking behavior. Conclusion: Giving information about health to the
patients can help them to control their disease. Appropriate methods and ways should be used
based on patients’ willingness. Despite the variety of information resources, patients expressed
medical staff as the best source for getting health information. Information‑seeking behavior of
the patients was found to be influenced by different demographic and environmental factors.

Abstract Introduction: Works evaluation and critique is one of the most important phases in scientific
production cycle. Reviewers need some aptitude about rules and principles of writing good review.
Considering the important role of books for storage and transferring the scientific findings, book
reviewing is vital to scientific progress. Despite this fact, investigation of Isfahan University of Medical
Science’s journal, demonstrated the number of published book reviews to be very small. This study
aims to investigate the influence of reviewing training courses on participants’ book reviewing
awareness, attitude, and aptitude. Materials and Methods: The study method is experimental with
two group design (with pre‑test and post‑test) and applied. Statistical population is of all faculty
members of the faculty of management and medical information of Isfahan University of Medical
Science, including both hired and contracted employees, which, according to faculty’s department
of Education, consists of 86 people. The sampling method used in this study is random. Number
of samples in case and control groups was calculated using the following equation of n= (z1 + z2)
2 (2s2)/d2 and is 15 people. One checklist and two questionnaires were the means of data collection.
Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software and two level of descriptive (mean and SD) and
inferential statistics (t‑test and t‑paired). Results: Findings showed that the mean score of awareness
of book reviews in case group increased meaningfully after the training course (55.7) compared to the
score prior to the intervention (33.1), P < 0.001. On the other hand, the mean score of awareness of
book reviews in control group remained mostly the same before (31.6) and after intervention (35.1),
P = 0.35. The mean score of attitude toward book reviews showed no significant difference before
and after intervention in both case group (71.4 before intervention and 74.4 after intervention,
P = 0.11) and control group (70.9 before intervention and 74.4 after intervention, P = 0.91).
The mean score of book reviewing aptitude in case group showed a significant increase from
10.2 ± 6.7 before intervention to 53.6 ± 26.3, showing a 43.4 increase (P < 0.001), while the control
group’s mean score showed no significant
difference (8.5 before intervention and 8.6 after
intervention, P = 0.996). Conclusion: This study
showed a significant influence of training course
on participants’ book reviewing aptitude and
awareness. But attitude toward book reviews
was in good level from the beginning to the end
and remained mostly unchanged.

Abstract Background: Health literacy is an individual’s need in each Society. Health literacy is a
set of skills in reading, listening, analysis, decision making and the ability to apply these
skills to health situations. The purpose of this study was to assess health literacy level
in Inpatients of educational Hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012.
Materials and Methods: A navigational and analytical- applied survey of 384 Inpatients was
conducted in educational hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Health literacy
was measured by the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA). Reliability of
Questionnaire was obtained through Cronbach’s alpha and it was 0/89 and its validity was
confirmed by experts. The data were collected in clinical inquiry and were analyzed using
SPSS (as Descriptive was Frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation and as analytical
was Independent T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test and Spearman correlation test).
Findings: Results showed that the average of Health literacy scores in Inpatients was 35/31
in Numeracy test and 31/94 in Reading Comprehension test. The mean total score of health
literacy was 29/63. Thus, the Most of these Inpatients were found to have inadequate health
literacy. No significant association was found between health literacy level and gender, income,
Occupation and residence. Health literacy was associated with age, marriage status and
education. Conclusion: The results showed that most of Inpatients in of educational Hospitals of
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were marginal and inadequate health literacy. Therefore,
they need to more help and details to understand and use health information.

Abstract Introduction: Media literacy is a 21st century approach to education. It provides a framework to
access, analyze, evaluate, and create messages in a variety of forms ‑ from print to video to the
Internet. Also, it builds an understanding of the role of media in society as well as essential skills
of inquiry and self‑expression necessary for citizens of a democracy. The purpose of this research
was to determine the rate of media literacy among Isfahan University of Medical Sciences’
students using Iranian Media Literacy Questionnaire (IMLQ). Materials and Methods: This
is a survey research in which the data were collected by a researcher‑made questionnaire.
Its validity and reliability were confirmed by Library and Information Sciences specialists and
Chronbach’s alpha (r = 0.89), respectively. Statistical population consisted of all students in
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (7000 cases) and the samples were 364. Sampling
method was random stratified sampling. Data were analyzed by descriptive (frequency
distribution, mean) and inferential (T‑test, ANOVA, and one‑sample t‑test) statistics through
SPSS16 software. Results: The findings showed that the mean level of media literacy among
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences’ students was 3.20 ± 0.558 (higher than average).
The highest mean was skill in avoiding confusion and focus on activates such as watching
television, listening to radio, reading newspaper, and using internet; and the lowest mean was
skill in membership and subscription in useful society networks. The mean of evaluation of
media messages dimension was more than others. The lowest mean of dimensions was for
selective and purposeful use of media with 2.99 ± 0.761. Comparison between gender, married
status, educational degree, and college type and the rate of media literacy among Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences’ students showed no significant difference. Conclusion: The
results showed that the rate of media literacy among Isfahan University of Medical Sciences’
students was higher than average. But students didn’t have enough skill in membership and
subscription in useful society networks and Skill in tracking news about your favorite artists
and musicians. Generally, all students and education practitioners should pay special attention
to factors affecting in improving media literacy as a basic capability in using media.

Abstract Introduction: Netiquette is appropriate behavioral etiquette when communicating through
computer networks or virtual space. Identification of a dominant organizational culture and
its relationship with a network culture offers applied guidelines to top managers of the university to expand communications and develop and learn organization through the use of the
internet. The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between netiquette and
organizational culture among faculty members of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
(IUMS), Iran. Materials and Methods: To achieve this aim, the research method in this study
was correlational research, which belonged to the category of descriptive survey research.
The target population comprised of 594 faculty members of the IUMS, from which a sample of
150 was randomly selected, based on a simple stratified sampling method. For collecting the
required data, two researcher-made questionnaires were formulated. Even as the first questionnaire tended to measure the selected sample members’ organizational culture according
to Rabbin’s model (1999), the latter was designed in the Health Management and Economic
Research Center (HMERC), to evaluate netiquette. The reliability of the questionnaires was
computed by Choronbach’s alpha coefficient formula and they happened to be 0.97 and 0.89,
respectively. Ultimately, SPSS Version #15 was used for the statistical analysis of the data.
Results: The findings revealed that the organizational culture and netiquette were below average level among the sample members, signifying a considerable gap in the mean. In spite of
that, there was no significant relationship between netiquette and the organizational culture
of the faculty members. Conclusion: Emphasizing the importance of cultural preparation and
a network user’s training, this research suggests that the expansion of network culture rules
among IUMS and organizational official communications, through the use of internet networks,
in order to promote university netiquette and convenience in communication development, on
the basis of special etiquette.