Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Knowledge, attitudes, and sociodemographic factors related to COVID‑19 among older people living in the community in Malaysia

. Sharifah Munirah Syed Elias; . Nur Rasyidah Rohinmi

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Although older people are at a higher risk of COVID‑19 infection, there is a lack ofresearch that focuses on COVID‑19 in older people in Malaysia. Therefore, the aim ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Although older people are at a higher risk of COVID‑19 infection, there is a lack ofresearch that focuses on COVID‑19 in older people in Malaysia. Therefore, the aim of this study wasto assess the level of knowledge and attitudes related to COVID‑19, and to identify the association ofsociodemographic background with knowledge and attitudes towards COVID‑19 among older people.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross‑sectional study involving 382 older people livingin the community in Malaysia. Data was collected using convenience sampling through an onlinequestionnaire that consisted of three parts: sociodemographic details, knowledge, and attituderelated to COVID‑19.RESULTS: The overall correct rate of knowledge was 77.3%, indicating that participants had slightlygood knowledge related to COVID‑19. The participants showed a positive attitude with a meanscore of 26.0 (SD = 5.0). There were significant associations between knowledge and educationlevel (P = 0.00) and marital status (P = 0.02). Marital status was significantly associated withattitude towards COVID‑19 (P = 0.03). A weak positive correlation was found between knowledgeand attitude (r = 0.17, P = 0.00) suggesting that an increase in knowledge will increase the positiveattitude among older people.CONCLUSION: Older people reported good knowledge and positive attitudes towards COVID‑19.The Malaysian government should provide relevant health education for those with lower educationlevels and divorced or widowed to improve knowledge and attitudes towards COVID‑19.

---

• View Article
• PDF 481.49 K

Impact of COVID‑19 on postgraduate medical education: Cross sectional survey from an Indian Medical College

. Manali Arora; . Premila Waikhom; . Sheenam Azad; . Vishal Thakker; . Rajiv Kumar Azad; . Rajendra Kumar Srivastava

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The corona virus disease (COVID‑19) pandemic has caused widespread effect onthe lives of health care professionals. The postgraduate medical students, who are the major ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The corona virus disease (COVID‑19) pandemic has caused widespread effect onthe lives of health care professionals. The postgraduate medical students, who are the major pillarsof medical institutions had to bear multitude of setbacks due to the pandemic involving academic,research and well‑being issues.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross sectional feedback based online survey done in themonth of October 2021 to study the effect of COVID‑19 pandemic induced changes in the postgraduatemedical education; amongst 78 students pursuing MD/MS degree in all departments of a tertiary medicalinstitute in Himalayan foothills of North India. The questionnaire consisted of ten questions; each of whichneeded to be answered on a five point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Resultswere assessed for the most common answers of each question (represented by mode) and associationbetween various components of the questionnaire analyzed by Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient.RESULTS: The internal consistency of the questionnaire as tested by Cronbach’s Alpha (0.82) wasgood. Most number or respondents were from surgical branches (n = 31, 39.74%). There was ageneralized agreement towards preference of resumption of onsite education (75.64%), the lack ofvariety of cases causing hampering of thesis work (88.46%) and increased mental stress during thepandemic (58.9%). While more time for self‑study was seen as the only consensual positive aspectof online teaching (64%), most students opined that technical glitches are a major roadblock inonline education (80.76%). Significant positive correlation was seen between disciplinary ease andpunctuality in online teaching (R = 0.543, P < 0.001), lack of interaction and its effect on learning andmental health (R = 0.471; P < 0.001) and the lack of diversity in cases and difficulties in dissertationwork (R = 0.351; P < 0.05). Negative correlation was observed between the satisfaction from overalllearning through online teaching and the desire of resumption of offline classes (R = −0.491; P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: COVID‑19 pandemic and its effects on medical education are long lasting.A comprehensive approach is required to rebuild the medical education curriculum, inculcating bothtraditional and newer virtual methods of education. A consistent support in academics and overallgrowth needs to be provided to medical postgraduate residents who have been the first line fightersin face of the massive disaster compromising their basic needs and education.

---

• View Article
• PDF 723.02 K

Psychopathology in virtual education for primary school students in the COVID‑19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis

. Monavar Fattahiyan; . Hassan Okati‑Aliabad; . Maryam Seraji

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 virus continues to be an international concern, challenging psychologicalresilience in all areas, especially virtual education, making the psychopathology and ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 virus continues to be an international concern, challenging psychologicalresilience in all areas, especially virtual education, making the psychopathology and problems moreevident.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a qualitative study of conventional contentanalysis, in which 24 participants (14 parents, 5 teachers, and 5 principals) were selected by purposivesampling from primary schools in Zahedan. Data collection tools included semi‑structured interviewswith open‑ended questions. Interviews continued until reaching data saturation. The transcripts ofthe interviews were coded according to Graneheim and Lundman’s 5‑step approach, and then, thecodes were classified according to the specified axes. For accuracy and exactness of information,the researchers used the criteria of validity, verifiability, reliability, and transferability.RESULTS: The results of this study include two categories, “e‑learning infrastructure” and“psychopathology,” indicating the importance of creating, using, and strengthening cyberspaceinfrastructure for the use of education in primary schools during COVID‑19 pandemic.CONCLUSION: The results indicated that identifying these cases and attempting to eliminate themcan reduce psychopathology and improve the quality of virtual education for students. Moreover, thiscan help principals and educational planners have new insights so that they can focus on solvingpsychological problems in e‑learning and provide their supportive planning.

---

• View Article
• PDF 504.03 K

Attitude and perceptions regarding online teaching in dental undergraduate program during COVID‑19 pandemic: A mixed method study

. Venkitachalam Ramanarayanan; . Vineetha Karuveettil; . Aneesa Ayoob; . Rakesh Suresh; . Balagopal Varma; . Chandrashekar Janakiram

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Transformation of education to virtual mode during COVID‑19 pandemic was amajor challenge for a clinical specialty like dentistry.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sequential explanatory ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Transformation of education to virtual mode during COVID‑19 pandemic was amajor challenge for a clinical specialty like dentistry.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sequential explanatory mixed method was adopted with quantitativedominant design. A self‑reported questionnaire on attitude and perceptions toward online learningwere distributed among dental undergraduate students. The qualitative arm explored perceptions ofonline teaching among various stakeholders and thematic content analysis was performed.RESULTS: A total of 141 responses were obtained, about 21% of them felt online classes to behighly useful and 78% felt it was moderately useful. About 80% of the students were satisfied withthe online education. About 40% of participants felt internet connectivity was a frequent issue. Thequalitative data analysis revealed five emergent themes of lecture content and delivery, instructionalcontrol, resource management, interaction, and evaluation exploring the perceptions of variousstakeholders toward online learning and provided several insights.CONCLUSION: Though online education cannot be compared to traditional education in a clinicalspecialty like dentistry, it does have its advantages and a portion of student learning can be conductedthrough this mode.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.83 M

Effectiveness of educational intervention‑based compassion therapy on emotional regulation and self‑control after discharge of patients With COVID‑19

. Abbas Godrati Torbati; . Anahita Zandi; . Seddigheh Abbaspour

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: One of the important causes of anxiety in COVID‑19 disease is the inability toregulate emotion and lack of self‑control during threatening conditions. The psychotherapy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: One of the important causes of anxiety in COVID‑19 disease is the inability toregulate emotion and lack of self‑control during threatening conditions. The psychotherapy techniquehas been effective in reducing these symptoms. Therefore, this study attempted to evaluate theeffectiveness of compassion‑based therapy on emotion regulation and self‑control in patients withCOVID‑19 after discharge.MATERIALS AND METHOD: It was a quasi‑experimental pretest‑posttest study with a control group.The statistical population consisted of 30 men (15 in each group) who were in the quarantine periodof COVID‑19 disease. Available sampling was used and the participants were randomly assignedto experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, compassion‑based treatment wasperformed in 10 sessions of 90 min. Tanji’s self‑control questionnaire and Garnofsky’s EmotionRegulation questionnaires were used. Data analysis were performed using SPSS 21 software andmultivariate analysis of covariance.RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the mean scores of emotion regulation andself‑control variables in the experimental and control groups (P < 0.001). The effect of this treatmenton increasing the emotion regulation score was 49% and on increasing the self‑control score was 37%.CONCLUSION: Compassion‑based therapy can increase cognitive regulation and improve self‑controlin patients with COVID‑19 disease. It is suggested that this intervention can be used in psychologicaltreatment programs

---

• View Article
• PDF 579.15 K

Effect of webinars in teaching–learning process in medical and allied health science students during COVID‑19 pandemic: A cross‑sectional study

. Janani Sivaramalingam; . Kalai Selvi Rajendiran; . Monisha Mohan; . K. S. Premlal; . Santosh Kumar Yadhav; . D. V. Satyamurthy G; . Surendar Rangasamy; . M. Diravyaseelan; . Lendiwabang Jamir; . Durgesh Kumar Umaraj Pandey; . Surapaneni Krishna Mohan; . Ananda Vayaravel Cassinadane

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic lockdown has brought all sectors to be dwindled withno exception of the academic system. Even professional courses like medical and allied healthacademic ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic lockdown has brought all sectors to be dwindled withno exception of the academic system. Even professional courses like medical and allied healthacademic courses were also not spared. The academic requirements were not met as required todo so. Webinar has become a good source of virtual platform acting as a bridge for attaining thegaps in accomplishing the curriculum to the students during these curfew times. Our study aimedto know the value of webinars on teaching–learning processes among the medical and allied healthscience students in India.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design is a cross‑sectional study with 2084 studentswho attended at least one webinar. An online survey questionnaire was sent, and the data werecollected on participant’s perspective on the effectiveness of webinar, post webinar assessmentby their satisfactory level of gain of information through webinars and their plan to apply in future.RESULTS: Participant’s perspective on effectiveness of webinar showed 66.7% of agreement withthe webinar use. In post webinar assessment, the use of webinar was in agreement with 69.9% of theparticipants. Furthermore, we observed a significant association with the gain of information in postwebinar assessment (P < 0.05) and a significant association with their plan to apply in future (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the students were satisfied with the webinar teaching andacknowledged it to be an effective tool in the teaching–learning process to gain new knowledge andwish to attend webinars in future as a part of their curriculum. Thus, webinars have a constructiveeffect in the teaching and learning process in professional courses during pandemic lockdown.

---

• View Article
• PDF 811.12 K

The effect of convalescent plasma on the treatment of COVID‑19 patients in Ardabil, Iran

. Effat Iranijam; . Hassan Ghobadi; . Somaieh Matin; . Shahram Habibzadeh; . Hamed Zandian; . Jafar Mohammadshahi; . Shahnaz Fooladi; . Abdollah Dargahi; . Elham Safarzadeh; . Mohammad Negaresh; . Javad Hosseini; . Ali Hossein Samadi; . Saeed Hoseininia; . Hossein salehzadeh; . Sharareh Dezhkam

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Infection with COVID‑19 has resulted in considerable mortality all around the world.This study aimed to investigate the effect of convalescent plasma on the treatment ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Infection with COVID‑19 has resulted in considerable mortality all around the world.This study aimed to investigate the effect of convalescent plasma on the treatment of hospitalizedpatients with COVID‑19 in Imam Khomeini Hospital at Ardabil, Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this quasi‑experimental clinical trial, patients over 18 years of agewith polymerase chain reaction‑positive COVID‑19 were admitted based on the clinical criteria ofrespiratory distress with hypoxia (O2 saturation <90) and tachypnea (R Relative Risk (RR) >24) withmoderate‑to‑severe lung involvement and in the 1st week of respiratory disease who were not intubatedwere nonrandomly assigned to two groups: convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) group (197 cases)and control group (200 cases). We used the Chi‑square, t‑test, Fisher’s exact test, and Pearson’scorrelation coefficient for statistical analysis.RESULTS: Analyses revealed that length of stay in hospital was significantly lower in the CPT groupas compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Twenty‑four cases (22.0%) in the CPT group and85 cases (78.0%) in the control group needed intubation. Furthermore, mortality was 17 cases (18.3%)in the CPT group and 76 cases (81.7%) in the control group, the difference of which was also foundto be statistically significant (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: It seems that CPT can be used as an alternative treatment at the early stages ofCOVID‑19 to prevent the progress of the disease, reduce the need for intubation and consequentlythe length of stay in hospital, and finally, decrease mortality.

---

• View Article
• PDF 880.87 K

Psychological implications of Covid‑19 in healthcare workers

. Rashi Garg; . Neelam Gupta; . Shraddha Puri; . Naveen Kakkar

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The Covid‑19 outbreak has led to an unprecedented burden on the healthcareinfrastructure. High morbidity and mortality rates have resulted in a state of stress and distress ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The Covid‑19 outbreak has led to an unprecedented burden on the healthcareinfrastructure. High morbidity and mortality rates have resulted in a state of stress and distress amongthe general population which has also impacted health professionals.AIMS: This study was conducted to identify mental health disturbances among health professionalsduring the Covid‑19 pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a cross‑sectional study, conducted in a Medical Collegein Himachal Pradesh, India. A self‑administered anonymized questionnaire was administered tothe healthcare workers. Mental health status was assessed using Patient Health QuestionnaireAnxiety‑Depression Scale (PHQ‑ADS). In addition, a 15‑item questionnaire was prepared to identifythe probable causes of stress in HCWs during the Covid‑19 Pandemic. A statistical analysis usedt‑test was used to find the significance of the correlation between the PHQ‑ADS score and theagreement score of different factors.RESULTS: The response rate for the questionnaire was 27%. Anxiety and depression were seen in29% of participants, ranging from mild (18.3%), moderate (4.7%), and severe (5.9%). Among females43.7% of the participants and among males, 13.1% had anxiety and depression. High PHQ‑ADSscores were seen in nursing staff (70%) and postgraduate students (30%), who were in the thirddecade of life. Most (81.7%) of the HCWs were concerned about transmitting the disease to theirnear ones. Fear of coming to the hospital and dealing with patients.CONCLUSION: Even sub‑threshold syndromes among HCWs need to be identified before theyevolve into overt diseases. The psychological needs of healthcare workers should be prioritized asthey are key players in the fight against Covid‑19.

---

• View Article
• PDF 526.78 K

COVID‑19 vaccine hesitancy among Nigerian youths: Case study of students in Southwestern Nigeria

. David B. Olawade; . Ojima Z. Wada; . Aderonke Odetayo; . Oluwabusayomi O. Akeju; . Fiyinfoluwa T. Asaolu; . Grace O. Owojori

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND AIM: Vaccination has been appraised to be one of the most significant public health achievements in human history. However, in countries like Nigeria, vaccine hesitancy ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND AIM: Vaccination has been appraised to be one of the most significant public health achievements in human history. However, in countries like Nigeria, vaccine hesitancy is a public health challenge that has consistently forestalled concerted efforts made by health authorities to curb the spread of communicable diseases such as COVID‑19. To improve COVID‑19 vaccine acceptance via targeted interventions, it is imperative to examine the public’s perception. Thus, this study aims to evaluate vaccine hesitancy among university students in Southwestern Nigeria.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study utilized a descriptive cross‑sectional design. A self‑administered questionnaire was administered to a total of 366 respondents who were recruited using the convenience sampling technique and snowball approach. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS.RESULTS: The majority of the respondents were over 18 years (88%) and were between their first and third years (81%). Over a tenth of the respondents reported having at least a loved one that had tested positive for the virus, while only 88% believed the virus is real. Furthermore, only 17% of the students had a positive attitude toward the vaccine. Although 90% of the respondents were aware of the administration of COVID‑19 vaccine in Nigeria, only around a quarter were willing to take the vaccine, while 5.5% had been vaccinated. The major reasons for COVID‑19 vaccine hesitancy highlighted by the respondents were concerns about vaccine side effects (21.3%), lack of trust in the authorities (26.5%), vaccine efficacy (13.1%), and diverse mystical possibilities (39.1%).CONCLUSION: The results indicate that a significant communication gap exists between the respondents and local health authorities. To enhance the acceptance of COVID‑19 vaccines, extensive and targeted health promotion campaigns are required to allay specific concerns raised by the public.

---

• View Article
• PDF 650.33 K

Evaluation of coronavirus diseases (COVID‑19) in terms of epidemiological and clinical features, comorbidities, diagnostic methods, treatment, and mortality

. Nedim Çekmen; . Zeynep Ersoy; . Yağız İlteriş Günay; . Amir Aslan Ghavam; . Muhammed Yavuz Selim Tufan; . İbrahim Mete Şahin

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) causes COVID‑19. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared it a pandemic. SARS‑CoV‑2 indicates that ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) causes COVID‑19. On March 11, 2020, the WHO declared it a pandemic. SARS‑CoV‑2 indicates that it poses a significant threat to public health and global economy. The aim of the study was to determine (a) patient characteristics, (b) demographic characteristics, (c) comorbidities, diagnostic methods used, treatment, and outcomes, and (d) mortality rates of patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 352 hospitalized adult patients from Baskent University Hospital in Ankara who were confirmed cases of COVID‑19 between March 2020 and March 2021. SPSS v. 14.0 was used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: Out of 352 patients, 55 died (males: 37, females: 18), while 297 survived (males: 162, females: 135). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), cancer, Vitamin D deficiency, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comorbidities associated with mortality rate were obesity (33%) (P = 0.118), Vitamin D deficiency (28%) (P = 0.009), DM (25%) (P = 0.004), CAD (21.2%) (P = 0.142), cancer (20.9%) (P = 0.084), and HT (16.6%) (P = 0.90). Normal ward admission resulted in death in 67.3% and survival in 93.9% (P = 0.001), intensive care unit (ICU) admission resulted in death in 69.1% and survival in 18.5% (P = 0.001), and oxygen therapy was used in 80% death and survival in 39.4% (P = 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that male gender, advanced age, and presence of comorbidities in COVID 19 patients are at higher risk for severe disease, ICU admission, and death. We emphasize that morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early and comprehensive identification of risk factors and the warning systems that will meet the ICU needs of these patients.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.19 M

Perception of undergraduate medical students toward stressors and de‑stressors during COVID‑19 pandemic: Online cross‑sectional survey from a medical institute in Eastern India

. Shreemathi S. Mayya; . Arun Mayya; . Maxie Martis; . Vani Lakshmi R; . Swayam Pragyan Parida; . Prajna Paramita Giri; . Dinesh Prasad Sahu; . Bimal Kumar Sahoo; . Sonu H. Subba

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  ntroduction: COVID‑19 has affected the quality of life of all age groups. Medical education during the pandemic shifted to online mode due to lockdown restrictions. The stress ...  Read More ntroduction: COVID‑19 has affected the quality of life of all age groups. Medical education during the pandemic shifted to online mode due to lockdown restrictions. The stress felt by medical students during the pandemic has been studied less. The current study aimed to assessed the stressors and de‑stressors for undergraduate medical students during the COVID‑19 pandemic.Materials and methods: A cross‑sectional online survey was conducted for the undergraduate medical students of a tertiary care institute of eastern India. A total of 307 medical students were included in the study by convenient and snowball sampling. A self‑designed semi‑structural questionnaire was created as a Google form and circulated among the students between September and October 2020. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling was adopted. Responses regarding stressors and de‑stressors were recorded on a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Categorical variables were presented as percentages and descriptive statistics were performed.Results: A total of 307 students responded and 64.5% of them were men and 35.5% were women. 47.6% of the students experienced stress due to changes brought about by COVID‑19. Risk of parents getting infection (63.2%), fear of not easily returning home (53.1%), lack of clinical exposure (52.7%), and financial impact (47.9%) were the major stressors perceived by the students. Connecting with family and friends through social media (47.5%), gaming (45.0%), online streaming platform (51.2%), spending time with family members (54.4%) were the coping strategies adopted by these students.Conclusion: Higher level of psychological stress perceived by the undergraduate students needs psychological intervention. Academic revamp and adaptation of coping strategies are required for the medical under‑graduates.

---

• View Article
• PDF 473.99 K

Iranian nongovernmental organizations’ initiatives in COVID‑19 pandemic

. Meroe Vameghi; . Monir Baradaran Eftekhari; . Katayoun Falahat; . Ameneh Setareh Forouzan

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: With the outbreak of the COVID‑19 virus crisis worldwide, including Iran, the need for corona prevention and treatment has become a national priority. With many businesses closed ...  Read More BACKGROUND: With the outbreak of the COVID‑19 virus crisis worldwide, including Iran, the need for corona prevention and treatment has become a national priority. With many businesses closed in the wake of COVID‑19 and job losses and declining incomes, vulnerable individuals’ and families’ access to the minimum wage and healthcare facilities is falling, and their health is exposed to a great risk. In Iran, a significant number of vulnerable groups are supported by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This study is designed to understand the performance of NGOs after the onset of the COVID‑19 crisis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out based on qualitative research between June and September 2020 in Tehran. This study was conducted using individual interviews with 33 managers and experts of 24 active NGOs providing services to vulnerable groups and a member of an NGO network. Data were analyzed using content analysis.RESULTS: Two main themes of service initiatives were extracted: (a) service initiatives to protect the target population against COVID‑19 infection and its aftermath and (b) management initiatives to retain staff, finance, and adapt the organization to crisis situations. Service initiatives included five categories of health service initiatives, livelihood, employment, education, and leisure initiatives, while organizational management initiatives include human resource management, financial management, and communication with organizations.CONCLUSION: The COVID‑19 breadth and its special features have set it apart from other crises and have led NGOs to work hard on several fronts to care for the most vulnerable people against the epidemic and its consequences and maintain the performance of their organizations. The unique role of cyberspace has made it one of the definitive pillars of the activities of NGOs, not only during the epidemic but also after its end.

---

• View Article
• PDF 510.58 K

The effectiveness of virtual interactive video in comparison with online classroom in the stroke topic of theoretical neurology in COVID‑19 pandemic

. Alireza Vakilian; . Ehsan Zare Ranjbar; . Mahsa Hassanipour; . Hassan Ahmadinia; . Hamid Hasani

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Sufficient interaction between the trainers and the trainees in medical education is always one of the biggest challenges for an educational system. This study was ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Sufficient interaction between the trainers and the trainees in medical education is always one of the biggest challenges for an educational system. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of virtual interactions within the educational content of stroke on the effectiveness of teaching for general medicine students during COVID‑19 crisis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight medical students applying for stroke education were divided into two groups by simple random sampling (Rafsanjan Medical School, 2020). The first group participated in an online classroom via the Adobe Connect platform without virtual interaction. The second group used a video presentation containing interaction scenarios. The effectiveness evaluation of each type of educational content was done by comparison of the final exam scores and the results of an electronic satisfaction questionnaire in each group. Finally, using SPSS software version 18, the data were analyzed with independent samples t‑test.RESULTS: This study showed that the mean of the examination scores of the interactive virtual content group (6.14 ± 1.46) was significantly higher than the online class group (4.50 ± 1.50) (P < 0.001), and also the results of satisfaction assessment showed that this group was more satisfied with their educational content (P = 0.005).CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the virtual stroke training effectiveness for general medical students shows that the educational approach of video with virtual interactions is an effective learning method in medical topics and can be considered as an efficacious educational model in online teaching.

---

• View Article
• PDF 727.04 K

Assessment of the psychological impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on undergraduate medical students in India

. Amit Kumar Shreevastava; . Manisha Mavai; . Pragati Sheel Mittal; . Ranjana Verma; . Daljit Kaur; . Bharti Bhandari

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Medical students who are prone to psychological stress due to their overburdened curriculum, are at an increased risk of getting adversely affected by the pandemic. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Medical students who are prone to psychological stress due to their overburdened curriculum, are at an increased risk of getting adversely affected by the pandemic. The present study was planned to assess the anxiety level among undergraduate medical students across the country using generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD‑7).MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this online survey, anonymous data was collected through Google forms from undergraduate students from all the phases of MBBS course across the country from August 15, 2020, to October 15, 2020. Section I collected various demographic information, section II included GAD‑7 questionnaire for assessing anxiety and section III had open‑ ended questions about their impending fear, uncertainties, and apprehensions. The data was expressed in percentage and association among the variables was determined using Chi‑square test. Thematic analysis of the open‑ended responses was done.RESULTS: Among the sample of 1208 students, 81% were from urban areas. During the pandemic, 77% were residing with their parents and 71% parents having stable jobs. Eighty percent students had no relative diagnosed with COVID‑19, whereas 52% students had family members with comorbidity. The GAP score showed mild, moderate, and severe anxiety in 27, 24, and 16% students, respectively. Anxiety was significantly associated with rural setting and with COVID‑19 positive or comorbid family member (P < 0.05). Open ended responses revealed that majority of the students were finding it difficult to cope with the academic stress at home but still did not want to join back.CONCLUSION: With such a high incidence of anxiety among medical students, it is pertinent to safeguard the mental health and implement efficient approaches to upkeep the scholastic, physical, emotional, and professional well‑being of medical students during such vulnerable times.

---

• View Article
• PDF 521.99 K

Academic burnout among trainee teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effect of sociodemographic factors

. Abdelmounaim Bouhaba; . Youssef El Madhi; . Abdelmajid Soulaymani; . Hinde Hami

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The trainee teacher seems to be more and more faced with frustration andstress during the training phase, caused by accumulation of requirements and duties, making themsusceptible ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The trainee teacher seems to be more and more faced with frustration andstress during the training phase, caused by accumulation of requirements and duties, making themsusceptible to the risk of burnout. The purpose of this work is to study the academic burnout of traineeteachers at the Rabat‑Sale‑Kenitra region’s Regional Center for Education and Training Professionsduring the COVID‑19 pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred thirty‑nine trainee teachers responded to aself‑questionnaire comprising the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Student Survey scale in its Frenchvalidated version, as well as stress factors during the academic year 2020–2021. Both inferentialand descriptive methods of data analysis were used to represent the effect of sociodemographicvariables on burnout levels during the COVID‑19 pandemic.RESULTS: In agreement with the literature, most of trainee teachers show moderate and high levelsof academic exhaustion; the main stressors presented are financial instability and training overload,and the level of study influences the scale of burnout among trainee teachers.CONCLUSION: The result of this study can serve as a predictor of academic burnout amongMoroccan trainee teachers.

---

• View Article
• PDF 522.13 K

To study the knowledge about the handling of biomedical waste among health‑care workers in a COVID‑19 hospital setting

. Sukhbir Singh; . Vrinda Tom; . Ramesh Verma; . Ishwanti Malik; . Madan Gopal Vashist; . Pushpa Dahiya

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The unexpected increase in COVID‑19‑related waste and its inappropriate disposalhad blown up the threat of retransmission of this infection and adversely impacted the ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The unexpected increase in COVID‑19‑related waste and its inappropriate disposalhad blown up the threat of retransmission of this infection and adversely impacted the environment.The aim of this study was to evaluate the existing knowledge about the handling of biomedicalwaste (BMW) in the COVID‑19 Hospital setting among health‑care workers (HCWs).MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a prospective cross‑sectional study done for 3 months, i.e.,October 2020–December 2020 among nursing professionals across all seniority posted in COVIDhospital. A pretested questionnaire comprised 20 questions was used as a study tool.RESULTS: The response rate of our study was 94%. The mean age of respondents was 33.97 years,and the mean length of service was 8.32 years. The study revealed that the respondents had amean knowledge score of 12.21 (Median 12, standard deviation 2.129 and 95% confidence intervalof 11.92–12.51).CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus among the researchers/scholars that COVID‑BMW hazardsare much more significant than regular BMW. Therefore, its awareness among the HCWs can be apanacea for safer handling of BMW generated in COVID Hospital.

---

• View Article
• PDF 689.11 K

Awareness and understanding of COVID‑19 among pregnant woman in northern India

. Manisha Jhirwal; . Pratibha Singh; . Charu Sharma; . Priyanka Kathuria; . Shashank Shekhar; . Satya Prakash Meena

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV‑2) has becomea public health concern worldwide. It is important for pregnant women to know about the mode ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV‑2) has becomea public health concern worldwide. It is important for pregnant women to know about the mode oftransmission, symptoms, and preventive measures against COVID‑19. The aim of this study wasto evaluate the awareness and outlook of pregnant women and practical measures taken by themagainst COVID‑19.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional questionnaire‑based study was conducted for1 month (June 10, 2020– July 10, 2020) in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All IndiaInstitute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. A prevalidated questionnaire was given to109 pregnant women to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice acquired against COVID‑19infection. The Chi‑square test or Fischer’s exact test was used to compare categorical data.RESULTS: Among 109 participants, 103 (94.5%) had good knowledge, 4 (3.7%) had averageknowledge and 2 (1.8%) had poor knowledge about COVID‑19. Majority of them had a positiveattitude for the protective measures taken for the prevention of disease.CONCLUSIONS: Since there is no valid treatment for COVID‑19, prevention is the only key to curvethis infection. In the present study, 94.5% pregnant women had overall good knowledge score aboutthe ode of transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures against COVID‑19.BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV‑2) has becomea public health concern worldwide. It is important for pregnant women to know about the mode oftransmission, symptoms, and preventive measures against COVID‑19. The aim of this study wasto evaluate the awareness and outlook of pregnant women and practical measures taken by themagainst COVID‑19.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional questionnaire‑based study was conducted for1 month (June 10, 2020– July 10, 2020) in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All IndiaInstitute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. A prevalidated questionnaire was given to109 pregnant women to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice acquired against COVID‑19infection. The Chi‑square test or Fischer’s exact test was used to compare categorical data.RESULTS: Among 109 participants, 103 (94.5%) had good knowledge, 4 (3.7%) had averageknowledge and 2 (1.8%) had poor knowledge about COVID‑19. Majority of them had a positiveattitude for the protective measures taken for the prevention of disease.CONCLUSIONS: Since there is no valid treatment for COVID‑19, prevention is the only key to curvethis infection. In the present study, 94.5% pregnant women had overall good knowledge score aboutthe mode of transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures against COVID‑19.

---

• View Article
• PDF 542.24 K

COVID‑19: Distance learning to empower educators and health assistants in rural areas

. Maria do Carmo Barros de Melo; . Priscila Menezes Ferri; . Monica Maria Almeida de Vasconcelos; . Zilma Silveira Nogueira Reis; . Solange Cervinho Bicalho Godoy; . Vitória Andrade Palmeira; . Gabriel Rocha; . Rosalia Morais Torres; . Unaí Tupinambás

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Educators and health assistants can act as key players in controlling the pandemic.In general, they are respected by the community, especially in rural areas, and can help ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Educators and health assistants can act as key players in controlling the pandemic.In general, they are respected by the community, especially in rural areas, and can help guide andraise the population’s awareness of preventive measures. The objective of this paper is to evaluatethe results in knowledge progress of an e‑learning course offered to educators and health assistantsby a public university and to analyze the profile and satisfaction of the participants.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single group pre‑ and post‑test design based on a questionnaire,interventional, study was conducted in the period from April 20th to June 20th. All participants of thecourse answered sociodemographic and satisfaction questionnaire and a pre‑ and post‑test. Datawere descriptively arranged and regarding the distribution and comparison of means and frequency,paired t‑test for group comparisons. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Data were collected fromthe Moodle® teaching platform, without identifying the participants.RESULTS: A total of 674 participants were enrolled in the five groups, and 583 concluded thecourse (86.5%). The reasons for those who did not access the entire course (n = 47) were: Lack oftime, difficulty in accessing the internet, and lack of experience with distance learning courses. On theevaluation of the course platform, from the tutors in general and the degree of satisfaction in severalquestions, participants marked maximum grades. The comparison between pre‑ and post‑proficiencyscores showed increased proficiency of the enrolled groups (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: The course contributed to the training of health assistants and educators, preparingthem to act in a participatory way in the prevention and control of the pandemic. The course waswell evaluated and there was a progression of knowledge by the participants.

---

• View Article
• PDF 761.23 K

The correlates of physical activity during COVID‑19 pandemic among Indonesian young adults: A longitudinal study

. Novita Intan Arovah

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Social distancing policy during the COVID‑19 pandemic may affect physical activitylevels. This study aimed to compare physical activity levels before and during the pandemic ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Social distancing policy during the COVID‑19 pandemic may affect physical activitylevels. This study aimed to compare physical activity levels before and during the pandemic and toexplore physical activity correlates among Indonesian young adults.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This longitudinal study was conducted before the pandemic (n = 141)in September 2019 and was followed by an online follow‑up survey during the pandemic(79% response rate) in September 2020. Physical activity was measured using the global physicalactivity questionnaire and was classified into “sufficient” and “insufficient.” The potential correlatesof physical activity were constructs from social‑cognitive theory and health belief model. Those weremeasured using a validated questionnaire in the follow‑up survey. Physical activity levels before andduring pandemics were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‑rank test. Simple logistic regressionswere used to assess the relationships between each potential correlate and physical activity statusduring the pandemic.RESULTS: Physical activity levels decreased significantly during the pandemic, mostly in thework‑related domain. Participants with favorable physical activity‑related constructs were more likelyto be physically active. The odds ratio ranged from 3.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–10.11)in participants with higher self‑efficacy to 4.50 (95% CI = 1.44–14.06) in those with higher outcomeexpectations of physical activity.CONCLUSION: A significant decline in physical activity during the COVID‑19 pandemic amongIndonesian young adults was confirmed. The application of behavioral change theories for explainingphysical activity status during the pandemic in this population is also supported. It is recommendedto incorporate these constructs to develop physical activity interventions in this target population.

---

• View Article
• PDF 801.91 K

Post‑COVID‑19 menstrual abnormalities and infertility: Repercussions of the pandemic

. Sparsh Madaan; . Dhruv Talwar; . Neema Acharya; . Sourya Acharya; . Deepika Dewani

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  While battling the life‑threatening complications of COVID‑19, its effect on the menstrualcycle and infertility has been somewhat ignored. This brief review aims on highlighting ...  Read More While battling the life‑threatening complications of COVID‑19, its effect on the menstrualcycle and infertility has been somewhat ignored. This brief review aims on highlighting theimportance of menstrual abnormalities being experienced during the post‑COVID periodand to make the clinicians aware about what to expect in regard of menstrual abnormalitiesby learning from various studies that have been conducted worldwide. This review articlewas written with systematic literature review with the help of data search machine suchas PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar.A search strategy leads to theextraction of 160 related articles that after the removal of inappropriate and duplicatearticles, 33 articles were selected for the review. To find other potentially relevant articles,the references of the extracted articles were thoroughly examined. The search was carriedout using keywords including “COVID‑19,” “Menstrual abnormalities,” and “Infertility.”Using OR and AND, the keywords mentioned above were combined and then utilized inthe search box of the databases. Articles published from January 2020 to September 2021were included in this study. It includes worldwide data ranging from studies done in China,India, Ireland, Turkey, Jordan, and Germany. During the post‑COVID period, there is asignificant alteration in the sex hormones of females infected by COVID‑19 which maymanifest as menstrual cycle abnormalities such as decreased cycle length or prolongedmenstrual cycle bleeding. It may also manifest as infertility due to ovarian failure dueto suppression of ovarian function COVID‑19 a novel coronavirus which is presently apandemic has affected the world in manner reminding the world of 1918 Spanish flu.However, while battling the deadly pandemic, the clinicians should also be aware of therepercussions of the effect this infection has on multiple organs such as ovarian suppressionleading to infertility, oligomenorrhea, or menorrhagia.

---

• View Article
• PDF 914.28 K

New normal of academic virtual conference: Imperative during pandemic

. Arti Gupta; . Limalemla Jamir; . Rajeev Aravindakshan; . Dhrubajyoti J. Debnath; . S. Sathiyanarayanan; . Rakesh Kakkar

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  In COVID pandemic, attending the continuing medical education, workshops, and conferences withphysical attendance is not possible. We designed, developed, and hosted the first of its ...  Read More In COVID pandemic, attending the continuing medical education, workshops, and conferences withphysical attendance is not possible. We designed, developed, and hosted the first of its kind academicvirtual/online conference at par with an in‑person academic conference to disseminate the expertiseof the renowned subject experts along with researchers to present their research work due to theongoing pandemic. We, in this article, had summarized the most critical steps in order to make theprocess easier for first‑timers while providing our more comprehensive walkthroughs on each step.We choose a live session of the speakers on the Zoom meeting mode to retain the atmosphere ofa live conference. WhatsApp, Google (Google Meet and E‑mail), and Kahoot were other platformsto communicate with speakers, researchers, and participants to seamlessly participate. A numberof advantages in terms of protection for delegates/speakers and their families came from the VirtualConference on Nutrition and Health, restricting the spread of COVID‑19, low budget for organizers,economically much cheaper alternatives both for speakers and participants, dissemination ofknowledge, time productive, and meeting research paper presentation eligibility for a professionalcourse. When one is new to technology, try adding an innovative aspect as a starting point to futurevirtual and in‑person events, and seeing how it works is imperative. Ensuring Internet bandwidth,updated hardware, or webcam and/or microphone functionality at the participant end is critical.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.44 M

Online viva voce as a formative assessment method in forensic medicine during COVID‑19 pandemic

. G. N. Pramod Kumar; . A. N. Roopa Urs; . Malatesh Undi; . Shankar M. Bakkannavar

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Conducting online classes and assessment during the COVID‑19 pandemic isnot without challenges. The world of medical education is adapting online training and assessmentbecause ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Conducting online classes and assessment during the COVID‑19 pandemic isnot without challenges. The world of medical education is adapting online training and assessmentbecause of COVID‑19 pandemic restrictions. The present study was conducted to assess thestudents’ perception regarding the process, difficulties encountered and perceived effectiveness ofonline assessment.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Online viva‑voce (theory and visual based) was conducted ina government medical college in Karwar, Karnataka, India using videoconferencing application(Google Meet) to 149 second MBBS students as a formative assessment in 2020 over 3 months.Ten students per day joined Google Meet, 10 questions were asked to each student and assessedusing a tutor marking system (on‑spot). A feedback questionnaire (Google Form) was administeredto students who attended online Viva‑Voce. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferentialstatistics (Student’s t‑test).RESULTS: Out of 149 students, 132 participated and responded to a feedback questionnaire.Majority of the participants (91%) agreed that questions covered all topics kept for viva, 82% ofthem felt it would be helpful for performance in final examinations. Thirty percent of students facednetwork issues at their places, 45% felt nervous while facing viva in the presence of other studentsand 35% of participants preferred online methods over traditional viva voce. Online viva voce canbe transparent (90%) and less biased (88%) if done in structured format.CONCLUSION: Online viva‑voce may become relevant and effective in medical educationassessment with transparent marking system for students’ performance.

---

• View Article
• PDF 498.68 K

Impact of internet addiction during COVID‑19 on anxiety and sleep quality among college students of Bhubaneswar city

. Gunjan Kumar; . Payal Dash; . Avinash Jnaneswa; . Vinay Suresan; . Kunal Jha; . Shishirendu Ghosal

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-13

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 initiated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and over a period oftime, the infection outspread across the world in a rapid pace. To protect the people and to furtherlimit ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 initiated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and over a period oftime, the infection outspread across the world in a rapid pace. To protect the people and to furtherlimit the spread of infection, lockdown was declared in most parts of the world including India.As all people were forced to stay indoors during this pandemic, internet was the only source ofentertainment whose overuse has side effects on anxiety and sleep quality. This study is aimed toknow the impact of Internet addiction during COVID‑19 on anxiety and sleep quality among collegestudents of Bhubaneswar city.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a web‑based cross‑sectional, questionnaire study. Itadministered 475 students from six colleges. The students were assessed by a proforma containingdemographic details, patterns of internet use, Youngs Internet Addiction Test, Generalised Anxietydisorder score, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Statistical analysis was done using SPSSversion 21.0 using Chi‑square test and Wilcoxon signed‑rank test.RESULTS: The mean age of the study group was 18.81 ± 1.189. Out of 475 students, 60.6% werefemale and 39.4% were male. 23.6% and 13.4% of recruited students had severe internet addictionand anxiety disorder, respectively. The mean global PSQI score in the study was 6.356 ± 1.88.About 84.6% of the students had poor global sleep quality score. All components of sleep qualitywere significantly associated (P = 0.000) with different degrees of internet addiction except sleepduration (P = 0.589) and efficiency (P = 0.767).CONCLUSION: Females were highly addicted than males. The study findings specified that students’excessive internet usage leads to anxiety, and affects mental health. Monitoring and controllingstudents’ internet addiction through informative sessions on how to use the Internet adequately isuseful.

---

• View Article
• PDF 685.58 K

More than a year into the pandemic: Do higher education students still practice protective behaviors against COVID‑19?

. Judith S. Rabacal; . Samson M. Lausa; . Renante A. Egcas; . Ryan Michael F. Oducado; . Jerome V. Cleofas; . Khen A. Tamdang

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The exponential increase of cases and the emergence of the new COVID‑19variants continue to be a challenge. It remains crucial to assess whether or not minimum healthstandards ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The exponential increase of cases and the emergence of the new COVID‑19variants continue to be a challenge. It remains crucial to assess whether or not minimum healthstandards against COVID‑19 are consistently followed. This study determined the higher educationstudents’ practice of protective measures against COVID‑19 of more than a year into the pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire web survey, cross‑sectional study was conductedamong higher education students (n = 2309) of a public university in the Philippines. Data wereanalyzed using the SPSS software.RESULTS: Results indicated that students generally had a high practice of COVID‑19 preventivemeasures. However, only 45.9% always practice physical distancing measures, and only 35.9%always seek information related to COVID‑19 after more than a year into the pandemic. Female,married, graduate level, with a monthly family income of PHP 10,000 and above, and personalknowledge of someone who tested for COVID‑19 had a significantly higher practice of COVID‑19protective measures. Older age, higher general self‑reported health status, and higher intentionto comply with recommended protective health behaviors were significantly correlated with higherpractice of preventive measures against COVID‑19.CONCLUSION: After more than a year of being into the pandemic, students still practice preventivehealth behaviors, however, this is not done consistently. As the pandemic is still not over in the countryand many parts of the world, continuous monitoring and a reminder to practice minimum protectivehealth protocols are needed to mitigate and prevent the spread of COVID‑19.

---

• View Article
• PDF 513.03 K

Investigating the professional identity and resilience in nursing students during the COVID‑19 pandemic

. Seyedeh Roghayeh Jafarianamiri; . Mojtaba Qanbari Qalehsari; . Ali Zabihi

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Professional identity includes the values and beliefs of a nurse that guide herthinking, action, and interaction with patients. The stressful conditions of the COVID‑19 ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Professional identity includes the values and beliefs of a nurse that guide herthinking, action, and interaction with patients. The stressful conditions of the COVID‑19 pandemicmay have affected nursing students’ resilience and attitudes toward their profession. Therefore, theaim of this study was to investigate the professional identity and resilience in nursing students duringthe COVID‑19 pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional descriptive study was performed in November andDecember 2020 with the participation of all nursing students of Babol University of Medical Scienceswho spent at least one semester of internship in a hospital during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Datawere collected using demographic questionnaire, Connor‑Davidson resilience scale, and nursingstudents’ professional identity scale. Data analysis was performed using independent t‑test, ANOVA,and correlation tests at a significance level of 0.05.RESULTS: Nursing students in the 3rd, 5th, and 7th semesters have spent a minimum of 13 and amaximum of 151 days of internship during the pandemic period. The mean score of professionalidentity of nursing students was 61.86 ± 9.34 and their mean resilience score was 32.08 ± 13.54. Theresilience score of 92% of students was below 50. Professional identity was significantly stronger,and resilience was considerably higher in students who were satisfied with their profession and livedwith their families (P < 0.05). In other words, students with higher professional identity scores hadhigher resilience (r = 0.39, P = 0.000).CONCLUSION: Despite a good professional identity score, the resilience of nursing students duringthe COVID‑19 pandemic is low. Therefore, professors and the clinical education system shouldprovide more support for students in such stressful times as the COVID‑19 pandemic period.

---

• View Article
• PDF 484.42 K