Journal of Education and Health Promotion

The effect of self‑care training programs on lifestyle and breast self‑examination of immigrant Afghan women

. Elaha Jafari; . Mahnaz Zarshenas; . Monireh Toosi; . Azar Nematollahi; . Mehrab Sayadi

Volume 13, Issue 1 , January 2023, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and a major cause of mortality amongwomen. Breast self‑examination (BSE) is a key technique for early diagnosis of breast cancer,which, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and a major cause of mortality amongwomen. Breast self‑examination (BSE) is a key technique for early diagnosis of breast cancer,which, along with lifestyle changes, can alleviate the risk of mortality. This study aimed to examinethe effect of self‑care training programs on lifestyle change and BSE of immigrant Afghan womenresiding in Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this quasi‑experimental study, 140 immigrant Afghan women visitinghealth‑care centers in Shiraz (Iran) were selected via convenience sampling during 2019–2020. Thedata were collected using a lifestyle questionnaire, a demographic information checklist, and a BSEchecklist. Following the pretest, the experimental group received three sessions of self‑care trainingand took the posttest 2 months after the intervention. The control group did not receive any intervention,but took the same posttest 2 months after the pretest. Data analysis was performed using paired andindependent t‑test and Chi‑squared test in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.RESULTS: The post‑intervention level of knowledge and performance of the experimental groupsignificantly increased in terms of a healthy lifestyle (P < 0.001) and performance of BSE (P < 0.001)compared to the control group. The intervention also had a significant positive effect (P < 0.000) onall dimensions of lifestyle.CONCLUSION: Self‑care training for lifestyle and BSE can promote the prevention and early diagnosisof breast cancer in immigrant Afghan women who have limited access to health care.

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Functionality of self‑care for pregnancy mobile applications: A review study

. Behnaz Pouriayevali; . Asghar Ehteshami; . Shahnaz Kohan; . Sakineh Saghaeiannejad-Isfahani

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Self‑care may help prevent pregnancy complications and mortality by informing parents. Mobilehealth applications (apps) can help individuals to improve the quality of self‑care. ...  Read More Self‑care may help prevent pregnancy complications and mortality by informing parents. Mobilehealth applications (apps) can help individuals to improve the quality of self‑care. Although it hasbeen claimed that mobile apps have various benefits, their functionalities in pregnancy self‑careare still unclear. A clear understanding of current apps can help researchers, practitioners, and appdevelopers to identify appropriate functionalities for new development and future refinement of currentapps. This review endeavored to identify appropriate functions for pregnancy self‑care mobile appsand user interface (UI) features. The scope of this review integrates self‑care for pregnancy appspublished in Google Play and Cafe Bazaar (an Iranian Android marketplace), popular Android appstores, from July to October 2019 by sing the systematic search technique. All 4196 downloaded appswere installed, and it was found that 76 of them met the inclusion criteria. This way, their featureswere extracted and categorized by the conventional content analysis. Three main themes and 69subthemes in terms of apps functionalities and their UI features were extracted as follows: 1) Trainingmaterials (maternal and paternal) with 27 subthemes; 2) self‑care functionalities (consultations, fetustracking, clinical examination, supportive assistance, and reminders) with 26 subthemes; and UIfeatures with 16 subtheme. The findings underlined the mHealth solutions for pregnancy self‑careand the need for development of the apps regarding the extracted functionalities and UI features;however, controlled trials are needed. It is recommended that transparent reporting of mHealthinterventions needs to be prioritized to enable effective interpretation of the extracted data.

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Comparison of the effect of face‑to‑face training and telemedicine on self‑care in adolescent pregnant women: A quasi‑experimental study

. Samira Khayat; . Maryam Palizvan; . Ali Navidian; . Hamed Fanaei; . Zahra Pahlavani Sheikhi

Volume 12, Issue 9 , October 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Improving self‑care in adolescent pregnancy leads to improved maternal andneonatal outcomes of pregnancy. However, self‑care in adolescent pregnancy is less than otherwomen. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Improving self‑care in adolescent pregnancy leads to improved maternal andneonatal outcomes of pregnancy. However, self‑care in adolescent pregnancy is less than otherwomen. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of face‑to‑face training and telemedicineon self‑care in adolescent pregnant women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a quasi‑experimental study that was conductedin Zahedan in 2021 and 120 adolescent pregnant women with a gestational age of 15–20 weeksparticipated in it. The sampling was done in multistage, and the samples were divided into three groups:Face‑to‑face training, telemedicine, and control. Face‑to‑face training was presented in five sessionsand the telemedicine group received the similar educational content through the mobile applications.The samples completed a researcher‑made self‑care questionnaire before the intervention and at28 weeks of gestation. SPSS software version 21 was used for the analysis, and data were analyzedby ANOVA, Tukey post hoc, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney tests.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in face‑to‑face and telemedicine training in improvingthe scores of nutritional performance, smoking and narcotics use, personal hygiene, and routinepregnancy care (P > 0.05), but face‑to‑face training caused more improvement in the scores ofsports and physical activity as compared to telemedicine group (P = 0.04). Face‑to‑face trainingand telemedicine training in all domains led to a significant improvement in scores as compared tothe control group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the face‑to‑face training and telemedicinemethods were proper methods for self‑care education in pregnant adolescent women. It isrecommended to use these methods in promoting self‑care in pregnant adolescent women.

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Design, development, and evaluation of a self‑care program for women with osteoporosis: The protocol of a mixed‑method study

. Sima Babaei; . Maryam Kianpour; . Sharifeh Monemian; . Mansour Siavash; . Maryam Sadat Hashemi

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-4

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis, the fourth most common disease in the world, affects the elderlyand postmenopausal women and imposes a great financial and social burden on individuals andsociety. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis, the fourth most common disease in the world, affects the elderlyand postmenopausal women and imposes a great financial and social burden on individuals andsociety. Furthermore, it has a significant impact on the quality of patients’ life. This study tries totake an effective step toward improving the quality of patients’ life by developing and evaluating theself‑care program of women with osteoporosis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this research, a hybrid sequential design of quantitative andqualitative type consisting of three phases is used. This mixed‑method study aimed to develop andevaluate a self‑care program for women with osteoporosis.CONCLUSION: Familiarity with the needs of these patients and the use of self‑care programs andconsidering social, cultural, and psychological factors could be effective steps to improve the healthof women with osteoporosis. These steps can improve the quality of life and reduce the costs oftreatment for this group of women.

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The relationship between frailty syndrome and self‑care ability in the elderly with heart failure

. Leila Zahed Nakhjiri; . Azar Darvishpour; . Parand Pourghane; . Bahareh Gholami Chaboki

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Identification of frailty syndrome in patients with heart failure can affect the processof the disease and their ability to self‑care. Considering the lack of a study ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Identification of frailty syndrome in patients with heart failure can affect the processof the disease and their ability to self‑care. Considering the lack of a study on the relationshipbetween frailty syndrome and self‑care ability in the elderly with heart failure in the Guilan province,the North of Iran, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between fertility syndromeand self‑care ability in these patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross‑sectional correlational study was conducted in2020. Research settings were the CCU and post CCU wards in the East Guilan public hospitals.The sample size was 125 people who were selected by the convenience sampling method. Theresearch tools include; Self‑Care Heart Failure Index and Tilburg Frailty Index Questionnaires. Datawere analyzed using SPSS software version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics with asignificance level of 0.05.RESULTS: The results showed that the mean score of frailty syndrome in the elderly with heartfailure was 5.44 ± 2.47. In addition, the mean score of self‑care in the elderly with heart failure was67.16 ± 10.96. There was a significant and negative correlation between frailty syndrome and theability to care in the elderly with heart failure (P < 0.001, r = −0.358).CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, the elderly with fragility syndrome cannot take goodcare of themselves. This indicates that in the management of heart failure, the assessment of frailtysyndrome as a care/treatment goal in the care programs of these patients should be considered.

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Effectiveness of self‑care program on the quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing cardiac rehabilitation: A Randomized clinical trial

. Mohammad Goudarzi Rad; . Leila Ghanbari‑Afra; . Mahsa Haji Mohammad Hoseini; . Monireh Ghanbari Afra; . Hamid Asayesh

Volume 11, Issue 9 , October 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a life‑threatening condition that causes physicaland psychological disorders and decreases patients’ quality of life (QoL). Performing ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a life‑threatening condition that causes physicaland psychological disorders and decreases patients’ quality of life (QoL). Performing propereducational self‑care program may lead to higher QoL in these patients. This study was performedto investigate the effectiveness of a self‑care educational program on QoL in patients with CAD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This semi‑experimental study was performed on 60 patients withCAD referred to the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) center of Vali Asr hospital in Qom, Iran, in 2018–2019.Patients were divided into control and intervention groups by randomized sampling. The self‑careeducational program was provided through lectures and booklet. Data collection was done using the“demographic and clinical data questionnaire,” and “Seattle Angina questionnaire.” Questionnaireswere completed in both groups, before and at least 1 month after education. Analysis of the obtaineddata was performed using SPSS software (version 25), central indexes, Mann–Whitney test, andWilcoxon test.RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the two groups for demographicscharacteristics and quality of life before the intervention. Before the self‑care program, the mean scoreof the QoL in the intervention and control group were 56.14 ± 9.75 and 58.46 ± 11.71, respectively.After that, the mean score of the QoL in the intervention and control group were 59.25 ± 10.56 and59.7 ± 13.33, respectively. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the mean scoresof QoL in the intervention group before and after the intervention (P < 0.05). However, no statisticallysignificant differences were seen in the control group before and after the study (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The self‑care educational program improved the QoL in patients with CAD.Therefore, lectures and educational booklets should be considered by CR nurses.

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Comparing the effects of teach‑back method, multimedia and blended training on self‑care and social support in patients with heart failure: A randomized clinical trial

. Maryam Karami Salaheddin Kola; . Hedayat Jafari; . Jamshid Yazdani Charati; . Vida Shafipour

Volume 11, Issue 6 , July 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The knowledge level of caregivers and their support for patients can affect theself‑care of patients with heart failure (HF). The present study was conducted to compare ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The knowledge level of caregivers and their support for patients can affect theself‑care of patients with heart failure (HF). The present study was conducted to compare the effectsof teach‑back, multimedia, and blended training methods on self‑care and social support in patientswith HF and on knowledge in their caregivers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial, a total of 150 HF patient‑caregiver dyadswere randomly allocated into three equally sized training groups, using a simple number table (n = 50). Thestudy was conducted between May to October 2018 in Sari, northern Iran. In the teach‑back, multimediaand blended training groups, patient‑caregiver dyads participated in 20–30‑min training sessions heldface‑to‑face, using digital video disc (DVD) and combination of teach‑back and DVD on 4 consecutivedays at the bedside of hospitalized patients in coronary care unit, respectively. Data were collected usingthe European Heart Failure Self‑Care Behaviour Scale and the multidimensional scale of perceived socialsupport for patients. Caregivers’ level of knowledge was measured using the HF Knowledge Scale. Datawere measured on the first day of hospitalization, 1 day before discharge and 4 and 8 weeks after patients’discharge. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).RESULTS: All three educational methods improved self‑care behaviors in patients. The comparison ofself‑care behavior scores in patients with HF among the three groups at different time points showedno statistically significant differences (P > 0.05), except 1 day before discharge (P = 0.04). Therewere no statistically‑significant differences between the teach‑back, multimedia and the blendedtraining group in terms of perceived social support at any of the four‑time points (P > 0.05). All threetraining methods improved the level of knowledge of caregivers. However, the score in the blendedtraining groups was higher than the other groups (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, it seems that all three educationalinterventions can improve self‑care behaviors in HF patients and increase knowledge in theircaregivers. However, using the blended training method was associated with better outcomes.

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The effect of peer group on self‑care behaviors and glycemic index in elders with type II diabetes

. Zahra Khiyali; . Afsaneh Ghasemi; . Razie Toghroli; . Arash Ziapour; . Nahid Shahabi; . Azizollah Dehghan; . Asiyeh Yari

Volume 11, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the most expensive and chronic diseases of elderly age.Knowledge and self‑care behaviors play an important role in treating diabetes and preventing ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the most expensive and chronic diseases of elderly age.Knowledge and self‑care behaviors play an important role in treating diabetes and preventing its sideeffects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of peer group on self‑care behaviors and glycemicindex in the elderly with type II diabetes mellitus in Fasa city, Fars province.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 100 elderlypatients with type II diabetes (50 patients in the intervention group and 50 in control group) referredto the diabetes center. Among the elderly, the intervention group was selected as a trainer based onthe checklist of the peer group and was trained by the researcher. In addition to the usual care of thediabetes clinic, the patients in the intervention group received training from their peers for 8 weeksduring 8–45 min of training sessions. Data were collected using a valid self‑reported questionnaireincluding demographic variables, awareness, and diabetes self‑care behaviors (Summary of DiabetesSelf‑care Activities), as well as free practice (fasting blood sugar [FBS] and hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]),which was completed by both groups before and 2 months after the intervention. Then, the datawere entered into the SPSS statistical software, version 22 and were analyzed using Chi‑square test,independent t‑test, and descriptive statistical methods. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: The results showed that the two groups of intervention and test were identical in termsof demographic information. In the intervention group, before and after 2 months of educationalintervention, there was a significant difference in increasing awareness and self‑care behavior indiet, physical activity, blood sugar testing, foot care, and medication (P < 0.001). However, thisdifference was not significant in the control group (P < 0.05). In the intervention group, the meanFBS and quarterly (HbA1c) index decreased significantly (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: This study showed that teaching self‑care program, in the same way, has beeneffective in improving self‑care behavior and blood sugar index in the elderly with diabetes andsuggested that this educational method be used in other chronic diseases.

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The effect of self‑care self‑efficacy program on life satisfaction of the Iranian elderly

. Mahnaz Shafiei Alavijeh; . Zahra Zandiyeh; . Mahin Moeini

Volume 11, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: With the increase in the elderly population in the world and the consequent increasein diseases and their physical and mental problems, improving self‑care behaviors by ...  Read More BACKGROUND: With the increase in the elderly population in the world and the consequent increasein diseases and their physical and mental problems, improving self‑care behaviors by increasingself‑efficacy in the elderly plays an important role in promoting their health and can increase theirlife satisfaction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of self‑care self‑efficacy program on lifesatisfaction of the elderly referred to selected health centers in Isfahan, Iran, in 2014.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a quasi‑experimental study with two experimentaland control groups and was performed on 64 elderly people referred to selected health centers inIsfahan. The samples were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, and a self‑careself‑efficacy program was performed on the experimental group. Data collection tools includeddemographic information questionnaire and life satisfaction indexes A questionnaire. Data wereanalyzed using the statistical tests such as Chi‑square, independent t‑test, Mann–Whitney, repeatedmeasures analysis of variance, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographiccharacteristics. Before the intervention, the mean score of life satisfaction was not statisticallysignificantly different between the two groups (P = 0.88). However, immediately and 1 month afterthe intervention, the mean score of life satisfaction in the experimental group increased, and thisscore was significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that the self‑care self‑efficacy program has beeneffective in increasing the life satisfaction of the elderly. Therefore, using this self‑care self‑efficacyprogram is recommended to promote life satisfaction in the elderly.

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Effect of smartphone‑based education on knowledge and self‑care of reproductive health in married students

. Azam Karimi Vanestanagh; . Azizeh Farshbaf‑Khalili; . Khalil Esmaeilpour; . Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi; . Niloufar Sattarzadeh Jahdi

Volume 11, Issue 3 , March 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Education by smartphone‑based software is a new method among the world’seducational practices. Due to the lack of studies on the effect of this education on promotingknowledge ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Education by smartphone‑based software is a new method among the world’seducational practices. Due to the lack of studies on the effect of this education on promotingknowledge and self‑care behaviors of students’ reproductive health this study aimed to determinethe effect of smartphone‑based software education on knowledge and self‑care behaviors in thefield of reproductive health.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This RCT with 164 married female students (82 in each group)conducted from October 2019 to January 2020, in Tabriz University and Tabriz medical University.Participants were randomly allocated to two groups of educational intervention and control.Smartphone‑based software education designed in four areas of reproductive health. Interventiongroup was trained for 4 weeks. The score of knowledge and self‑care behaviors of participants in bothgroups were compared at baseline and 8 weeks after intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS‑23software using Chi‑square, independent t‑tests, and analysis of covariance tests.RESULTS: Eight weeks after the intervention, a significant increase was observed in themean (standard deviation [SD]) score of overall knowledge for reproductive health and all itssubdomains (P < 0.001), as well as in in the mean (SD) self‑care score of reproductive health andall subdomains (P < 0.05), except for the family planning in the education group compared to thecontrol group.CONCLUSION: The findings indicate a significant effect of smartphone‑based software on increasingstudents’ knowledge and self‑care in all areas of reproductive health except for family planningsubdomain of self‑care.

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The opportunities and challenges of using mobile health in elderly self‑care

. Masoumeh Shahbazi; . Hossein Bagherian; . Mohammad Sattari; . Sakineh Saghaeiannejad‑Isfahani

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  Population aging is a phenomenon expanding around the world and will be increase the incidenceof chronic diseases and health costs. This study was conducted according to the preferred ...  Read More Population aging is a phenomenon expanding around the world and will be increase the incidenceof chronic diseases and health costs. This study was conducted according to the preferred reportingitems for systematic reviews and meta‑analyses (PRISMA). A comprehensive literature search wasperformed on 4 databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest) for Englishlanguage studies from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019. The keywords used to extract relevantcontents were “e‑health,” “Elderly care,” “Self‑care,” “challenge,” “Opportunity” etc., The searchstrategy led to a total of 638 potentially relevant papers, of which 19 papers met the inclusion criteria.The results showed that the challenges of using mobile health in elderly self‑care can be divided intotechnical, human and managerial challenges. The resulting opportunities include reducing health carecosts; no need to visit verbal and remote access to elderly information. The use of mobile health inthe elderly has advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of that is improving physicalactivity and reducing care costs, but it may break the privacy. The disadvantages of that can beresolved by educating the elder men.

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Assessing the effect of self‑care education on anxiety and depression among pregnant women with a history of spontaneous abortion

. Taharah Boryri; . Ali Navidian; . Fatemeh Hashem Zehi

Volume 10, Issue 12 , December 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Abortion is one of the most common complications of early pregnancy, whichemerges as a physically and mentally devastating experience. Due to the prevalence and importanceof ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Abortion is one of the most common complications of early pregnancy, whichemerges as a physically and mentally devastating experience. Due to the prevalence and importanceof postabortion mental health problems and their adverse effects on subsequent pregnancies, someinterventions should be made to reduce the resultant anxiety and depression. The present studyaimed to determine the effect of self‑care education on anxiety and depression among pregnantwomen with a history of spontaneous abortion.METHODS: This randomized quasi‑experimental study was performed on ninety pregnant womenwith a history of spontaneous abortion who referred to health centers in Zahedan in 2019. Thesamples were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two interventionand control groups. Between 6 and 16 weeks of gestation, the participants in the intervention groupreceived four sessions of 60‑min self‑care training over 2 weeks. On the other hand, the controlgroup received routine pregnancy care. Data collection tools included a demographic and fertilityevaluation questionnaire, a 6‑item short‑form of the state scale of the Spielberger State‑Trait AnxietyInventory, and a short form of Beck Depression Inventory. Posttest was performed 4 weeks afterthe end of the intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using statisticaltests of independent t‑pair, paired t‑pair, Chi‑square, and Fisher’s exact test.RESULTS: Based on the obtained results, there was no significant difference between the twogroups in terms of anxiety and depression scores before the intervention. Nonetheless, after theintervention, the mean scores of anxiety and depression in the intervention group were calculatedat 7.31 ± 1.31 and 4.71 ± 1.90, respectively. However, these scores were reported as 1.87 ± 13.46and 9.31 ± 1.59 in the control group, respectively (P = 0.0001).CONCLUSION: As evidenced by the obtained results, self‑care education is effective in the reductionof anxiety and depression in pregnant women with a history of spontaneous abortion. Therefore,health professionals and health‑care providers should enrich prenatal care programs with thesetraining sessions and provide women with peace of mind and comfort during pregnancy.

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Self‑care behaviors in high‑risk women for breast cancer: A randomized clinical trial using health belief model education

. Maryam Damghanian; . Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh; . Zohreh Khakbazan; . Behjat Khorsand; . Mohadese Motaharinezhad

Volume 10, Issue 10 , October 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iranian women. The number of peoplewith this disease is increasing across the world. Positive family history is one of the risk ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iranian women. The number of peoplewith this disease is increasing across the world. Positive family history is one of the risk factors fordeveloping breast cancer. However, early detection is the main method to fight this disease. Thisstudy was conducted to examine the effect of education based on the health belief model (HBM) onself‑care behaviors among first‑degree relatives of patients with breast cancer.METHODS: This clinical trial was conducted in 2016 on 80 women in Tehran city, Iran. Data werecollected using a three‑part questionnaire regarding demographic data, the HBM, and self‑carebehaviors. The educational program based on the HBM was held in 4 ninety‑minute training sessionsthrough lectures, group discussions, question and answer, image presentations, and PowerPointpresentations. The questionnaires were completed before and 2 months following the interventionby intervention and control groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statisticsthrough the SPSS16 software.RESULTS: The mean score of the HBM constructs before the intervention in the groups had nostatistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Eight weeks after the intervention, the mean score of theconstructs of the HBM in the intervention group significantly increased and a statistically significantincrease in the mean score of self‑care in the intervention group compared to the preinterventionwas found, so that the self‑care behavior score in the intervention group was 0.69 ± 0.09 before theintervention and was changed to 0.74 ± 0.09 after the intervention (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that education based on the HBM was effective in promotingself‑care behaviors among first‑degree relatives of breast cancer patients. Therefore, educationbased on HBM may have an important implication for breast cancer prevention in Iran.

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Comparing the effect of two health education methods, self‑directed and support group learning on the quality of life and self‑care in Iranian postmenopausal woman

. Fatemeh Ahmadi Dastgerdi; . Zahra Zandiyeh; . Shahnaz Kohan

Volume 10, Issue 3 , March 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Women during menopause stages experience many symptoms, for which theylack enough knowledge to manage them. This study aimed to compare the effect of self‑directed andsupport ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Women during menopause stages experience many symptoms, for which theylack enough knowledge to manage them. This study aimed to compare the effect of self‑directed andsupport group health education on the quality of life (QOL (and self‑care of postmenopausal women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This field trial study was carried out with three groups. One hundredand eight menopause women were selected through convenient sampling method based on theinclusion criteria from three comprehensive health centers. Health centers were randomly assigned tosupport (n = 36), self‑directed (n = 36), and control groups (n = 36). In the self‑directed group, educationwas provided through educational package, and the control group received routine care from thehealth center. The support group received education through four group sessions by trained healthyvolunteers. Data were collected by menopause‑specific QOL and self‑care standard questionnaire.RESULTS: Immediately after the intervention, the mean scores of QOL in the self‑directedgroup, support group, and control group were 41.82  ±  7.61, 40.31  ±  4.80, and 48.17  ±  8.45,respectively (P  <  0.05). In addition, the mean scores of self‑care were significantly differentbetween the self‑directed (40.67 ± 7.36) and support (36.50 ± 3.36) groups compared to the controlgroup (47.83 ± 8.47) (P < 0.05). After 1 month from intervention, QOL scores in the self‑directedgroup (40.67 ± 7.36), support group (36.50 ± 3.36), and control group (47.83 ± 8.47) were significantlydifferent (P < 0.05). In addition, the mean scores of self‑care were 64 ± 6.79 and 65 ± 8.32 in theself‑directed and support groups, respectively, compared to the control group (49.09 ± 9.43). Post hoctest (least significant difference) revealed higher effectiveness of the support group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated QOL and self‑care in menopause women in self‑directed andsupport groups improved. However, the support group provided higher effectiveness. Therefore,we recommended paying more attention to the capabilities of healthy volunteers for the promotionof QOL in menopause women.

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Reproductive health self‑care for female students: Educational needs assessment, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 2018

. Maryam Hashemi; . Shahnaz Kohan; . Mahshid Abdishahshahani

Volume 10, Issue 1 , January 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Young people play major roles in the future of a society and face major challenges inthe field of reproductive health during this period. Therefore, it is particularly important ...  Read More CONTEXT: Young people play major roles in the future of a society and face major challenges inthe field of reproductive health during this period. Therefore, it is particularly important to investigatetheir educational needs for the reproductive health self‑care.AIMS: The present study aimed to provide a needs assessment and determine the educationalneeds of reproductive health self‑care in female students.SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The present research wasdescriptive cross‑sectional.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were collected from 96 female students who were selectedusing quota sampling and also 15 providers of reproductive health services. Data collection toolwas a researcher‑made questionnaire comprising two parts of the demographic information andthe reproductive health needs assessment. The content and face validity were determined by thecooperation of ten reproductive health and adolescence health experts, and Cronbach’s alphacoefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics (mean andfrequency distribution) and one‑sample t‑test using the SPSS 20 version.RESULTS: The total mean of needs for reproductive health education was 3.51 out of 5 in femalestudents. Apart from the high‑risk behavior, mean scores of other fields were significantly greaterthan the average (3). Three educational priorities included cervical cancer, violence against women,and ovarian cysts. In addition, among the popular educational methods, most people chose thenon‑attendance method and mostly mobile applications and then educational booklets.CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that female students had a great need for self‑care educationin different fields of reproductive health; hence, it seems essential to implement the educationalprograms in accordance with their needs by taking advantage of the available learning opportunities inuniversities, particularly universities of medical sciences for their health promotion and empowermentto acquire self‑care skills. Furthermore, the present research emphasized the need to pay attentionto education using the Internet applications.

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The effect of self‑care education regarding high‑risk behaviors of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and smoking on knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls: An experimental study to health promotion

. Forogh Borandegi; . Fatemeh Rahmanian; . Zahra Yazdanpanahi; . Azar Nematollahi

Volume 10, Issue 1 , January 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The vulnerability of the youth to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) andsmoking is one of the most important public health issues around the world. Adequate knowledgeabout ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The vulnerability of the youth to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) andsmoking is one of the most important public health issues around the world. Adequate knowledgeabout AIDS and smoking is a powerful tool for promoting positive attitudes and safe behaviors.OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effect of self‑care education on AIDS and smokingon the level of adolescents’ knowledge and health attitude.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This experimental study was conducted in the academic year of2017–2018, and the participants were selected using randomized cluster sampling. These participantsincluded 220 female students of the third grade of middle school in Isfahan (105 in the interventiongroup and 115 in the control group). Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire; aresearcher‑made questionnaire on knowledge about AIDS, knowledge about smoking, and attitudestoward smoking; and a standard questionnaire on students’ attitude toward AIDS. After completing thepretest, the intervention group performed two training sessions and completed the posttest 1 monthlater. One month after completing the pretest, the control group completed the posttest and did notreceive an intervention. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical tests,and statistical software SPSS version 22.RESULTS: The results showed that despite the similarity between the two groups at the beginningof the study, after self‑care education, the knowledge level of AIDS (P < 0.001) and attitudetoward AIDS (P < 0.001) and the knowledge level of smoking (P < 0.001) and attitude towardsmoking (P < 0.001) in the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group. Inintragroup analysis, it was also observed that the difference between the scores before and afterwas only significant in the intervention group.CONCLUSION: It seems that education can promote the level of knowledge and attitude ofadolescents toward AIDS.

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Effect of educational intervention on promoting self‑care in hemodialysis patients: Applying the self‑efficacy theory

. Tahereh Ramezani; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Fatemeh Rajati; . Mojgan Rajati; . Siamak Mohebi

Volume 9, Issue 3 , March 2019, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients experience many issues in self‑care behavior. Patientsrequire to control of manage the issue to improve the self‑care. Educational intervention ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients experience many issues in self‑care behavior. Patientsrequire to control of manage the issue to improve the self‑care. Educational intervention to behaviorchange can be effective on self‑care behavior. This study was conducted to investigate the effect ofan educational intervention, based on the self‑Efficacy theory on promoting self‑care in hemodialysispatients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy hemodialysis patients recruited in this study and dividedrandomly into intervention group (n = 35) and control group (n = 35) with convenience sampling in2016 from Qom city, Iran. Data were collected before and 3 months after education using demographicquestionnaire, self‑efficacy, a valid researcher‑made questionnaire regarding to awareness andself‑care. The educational intervention was performed for the intervention group in 4 1‑h sessionsover 2 months. The data were analyzed through Paired t‑test, Independent t‑test, Chi‑square, andMann–Whitney at the significant level of 0.05.RESULTS: While variables in two groups did not show significant difference before education (P > 0.05),a significant increase was observed in variables of self‑efficacy (P < 0.001), awareness (P < 0.001),and self‑care dimensions (P < 0.05) between two groups after 3 months education.CONCLUSION: The results of this research suggested that employing educational programs basedon the self‑efficacy theory can lead to the improvement of the self‑care behaviors in hemodialysispatients.

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Association of self‑care status with some relevant factors in middle‑aged women in their early menopausal stage

. Mahboobeh Kafaei Atrian; . Mahnaz Solhi; . Farbod Ebadi Fard Azar; . Fatemeh Atoof

Volume 8, Issue 8 , August 2018, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Through self‑care, people can solve their health‑related problems through increasingtheir awareness and correcting their lifestyles.OBJECTIVES: To determine the association ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Through self‑care, people can solve their health‑related problems through increasingtheir awareness and correcting their lifestyles.OBJECTIVES: To determine the association of self‑care status with some relevant factors inKashanian middle‑aged women in their early menopausal stage.METHODS: This is a cross‑sectional study on 351 women in the age range of 45–60 years. Womenwere selected based on cluster sampling method from the individuals at health‑care centers inKashan, Iran. Researcher‑constructed questionnaire on self‑care was used. The validity and thereliability of the questionnaire were calculated. The information gathering method was questionnairecompletion by the study participants or interview with them. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS16 software. T‑test, ANOVA, Spearman correlation, and linear regression analysis were applied.RESULTS: The mean (±standard deviation) of the self‑care score was 108.14 ± 20.43. Self‑carescores were weak in 13.92%, intermediate in 71.02%, and good in 15.06%. Regression analysisshowed that the mean of self‑care was significantly higher in those with higher educational level ofwomen’s (P = 0.045) and their spouses (P = 0.001). Women who were covered by insurance alsoshowed higher self‑care; in addition, there was no significant relationship between self‑care andparticipants’ job, spouses’ jobs, marital status, marital satisfaction, economic satisfaction, numberof children, number of households, and type of accommodation (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: The results indicate that self‑care is inadequate and that the level of education ofcouples and insurance coverage has a positive effect on the level of self‑care in postmenopausalwomen. To promote self‑care in old age, education and empowerment can be considered.

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Relationship between perceived social support and self‑care behavior in type 2 diabetics: A cross‑sectional study

. Siamak Mohebi; . Mahmoud Parham; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Zabihollah Gharlipour; . Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi; . Fatemeh Rajati

Volume 8, Issue 4 , April 2018, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Social support is one of the most effective factors on the diabetic self‑care. Thisstudy aimed to assess social support and its relationship to self‑care in type 2 diabetic ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Social support is one of the most effective factors on the diabetic self‑care. Thisstudy aimed to assess social support and its relationship to self‑care in type 2 diabetic patients inQom, Iran.STUDY DESIGN: A cross‑sectional study was conducted on 325 diabetics attending the DiabetesMellitus Association.METHODS: Patients who meet inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected using random samplingmethod. Data were collected by the Summary of Diabetes Self‑Care Activities and MultidimensionalScale of Perceived Social Support, with hemoglobin A1C test. Data were analyzed using descriptivestatistics and independent t‑test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and linear regressiontest, using 0.05 as the critical significance level, provided by SPSS software.RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation of self‑care and social support scores were4.31 ± 2.7 and 50.32 ± 11.09, respectively. The mean level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ofpatients was 7.54. There was a significant difference between mean score of self‑care behaviorsand social support according to gender and marital status (P < 0.05). The regression analysisshowed that disease duration was the only variable which had a significant effect on the levelof HbA1C (P < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that self‑care and social supportsignificantly correlated (r = 0.489, P > 0.001) and also predictive power of social support was 0.28.Self‑care was significantly better in diabetics with HbA1C ≤7%. Patients who had higher HbA1C feltless, but not significant, social support.CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated the relationship between social support and self‑care behaviorsin type 2 diabetic patients. Interventions that focus on improving the social support and self‑care ofdiabetic control may be more effective in improving glycemic control.

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Does maternal and fetal health locus of control predict self‑care behaviors among women with gestational diabetes?

. Masoumeh Kordi; . Mahsima Banaei Heravan; . Negar Asgharipour; . Farideh Akhlaghi; . Seyed Reza Mazloum

Volume 7, Issue 4 , July and August 2017, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy, andlack of self‑care is the most important reason for mortality in diabetic patients. Since ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Gestational diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy, andlack of self‑care is the most important reason for mortality in diabetic patients. Since the glycemiccontrol is associated with physiological and psychological mechanisms, variables such as healthlocus of control can play a role in health behaviors of diabetic patients. Therefore, this study wasaimed to predict self‑care behaviors among women with gestational diabetes based on maternalhealth locus of control (MHLC) and fetal health locus of control (FHLC).METHODS: This study is a descriptive, predictive correlational study that it is conducted onover 400 women with gestational diabetes attending the health centers and clinic of hospitalsaffiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Data were collected using individualquestionnaire, self‑care derived from the summary of diabetes self‑care activities, MHLC, and FHLCscale. The data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient test, linear regressionsmodel, and multiple regression in SPSS software version 16. P < 0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant.RESULTS: Results of Spearman’s correlation coefficient test showed a significant direct linearrelationship between self‑care and internal MHLC (P = 0.027) and internal dimensions (P < 0.0001)and powerful others (P = 0.012) of FHLC. According to linear regressions model, internalMHLC (P = 0.027), internal dimensions (P < 0.0001), and powerful others (P = 0.012) of FHLC areconsidered as predictor variables of self‑care.CONCLUSION: Midwives should perform interventions to increase internal locus of control andencourage more responsibility among women with gestational diabetes to achieve better self‑care.

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Effect of public health nurses’ educational intervention on self‑care of the patients with type 2 diabetes

. Zahra Zandiyeh; . Batool Hedayati; . Elahe Zare

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease and the sixth cause of mortalityin the world. Most of the conducted studies show that the only way to control this disease ...  Read More Background: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease and the sixth cause of mortalityin the world. Most of the conducted studies show that the only way to control this disease andprevent its disabling complications is constant administration of self‑care. Aim: This studywas conducted with the goal of determining the effect of public health nurses’ educationalintervention on the self‑care of the patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to Hazrat Ali clinicin Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This is a two‑group two‑step clinical trial with a before–afterintervention design in which 50 patients with type 2 diabetes and with a mean age of 40–70 yearswere selected and assigned to study (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups by allotting themeven and add numbers. Educational intervention was conducted in the study group throughseven educational sessions. Mean scores of self‑care before and after interventions werecompared by Toobert and Glasgow brief self‑care activities questionnaire. Results: Resultsshowed no significant difference in the self‑care scores before intervention in the twogroups (P = 0.67, z = 0.43), but the mean score of self‑care showed a significant increaseafter intervention in the study group, compared to the control group (P = 0.002, z = 3.14).Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it is suggested to provide constant educationof self‑care for diabetic patients in health care centers, with more emphasis on a change inself‑care skills and behavior.

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The effect of self‑care education program on reducing HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes

. Iraj Zareban; . Mahmood Karimy; . Shamsaddin Niknami; . Alireza Haidarnia; . Fatemeh Rakhshani

Volume 4, Issue 5 , November 2014, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background: Diabetes as the most common diseases caused by metabolic disorders is animportant global challenge. This is a disease that requires lifelong self‑care because self‑care ...  Read More Background: Diabetes as the most common diseases caused by metabolic disorders is animportant global challenge. This is a disease that requires lifelong self‑care because self‑care andimproved quality of life is cost effective. This study is aimed to determine the impact of self‑careeducation program on reducing HbA1c, type 2 diabetic patients and was conducted in Zahedan.Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study done on 138 diabetic female patients inZahedan city, in 2011 (1390). This sampling method of patients was based on inclusion and exclusioncriteria of the Diabetes Center, at Hazrat Ali Asghar Hospital(AS) in Zahedan. Samples were dividedrandomly in to two groups: 69 cases and 69 controls. Data collected included validity and reliabilityconfirmed questionnaire. Checklist was based on patients ‘performance of reporting and (HbA1c)testing. Before the educational intervention, the checklist of questions for recording the (HbA1c)test for both the groups were completed, and study samples received 5 sessions of education (withthe group discussion and film show) for a month. However, the control group received only routinetraining. Three months after the educational intervention, both groups completed the questionnaireand the check list and data using SPSS software and the appropriate tests were analyzed.Results: Findings showed that the mean domain scores of area of knowledge, attitude and practiceeducational groups, were recorded as (46.6 ± 8.57, 46.5 ± 0.86 and 29.06 ± 10.02), respectively.And after education scores of knowledge, attitude and practice were recorded as (52.80 ± 2.20,12.98 ± 1.02 and 39.69 ± 4.74), respectively, and in study group significant difference (P < 0/001)was seen. Conclusion: Self‑care training in striation leads to improve knowledge, attitude andself‑care performance of the study samples and also improves the average (HbA1c). Because itseems to increase the active participation of learners in their care that they have experienced withthis training method and their motivation enhanced them to learn better self‑care. So this type ofcare education should be given to the attention of nurses and healthcare’s staff.

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Importance of social support in diabetes care

. Ghalmreza Sharfi Rad; . Leila Azad Bakht; . Avat Feizi; . Siamak Mohebi

Volume 3, Issue 10 , October 2013, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the major concerns in the third millennium,affecting more people every day. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is reported to behigh ...  Read More Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the major concerns in the third millennium,affecting more people every day. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is reported to behigh (about 7.7%). The most important method to control this disease and prevent itscomplications is self‑care. According to various studies, this method has not found itsproper place among patients with diabetes due to several reasons. The present study wasaimed at determining the relationship between social support, especially family support, andself‑care behavior of diabetes patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a narrativereview in which the relevant papers of cross‑sectional, cohort, clinical trial, and systematicreview designs were selected using databases and scientific search engines such asPubMed, ProQuest, SCOPUS, and Elsevier, with the keywords diabetes, social support,and self‑care. Moreover, Persian papers were selected from MEDLAB and IRANMEDEXdatabases and through searching the websites of original research papers published inIran. All the papers published from 1990 to 2011 were reviewed. Results: The results ofthe study indicated that the status of self‑care and social support in patients with diabeteswas not favorable. All the studied papers showed that there was a positive relationshipbetween social support and self‑care behavior. Also, some studies pointed to the positiveeffect of social support, especially family support and more specifically support from thespouse, on controlling blood sugar level and HbA1c. Conclusion: As social support canpredict the health promoting behavior, this concept is also capable of predicting self‑carebehavior of patients with diabetes. Therefore, getting the family members, especially thespouse, involved in self‑care behavior can be of significant importance in providing healthcare to patients with diabetes.

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Structural role of perceived benefits and barriers to self‑care in patients with diabetes

. Siamak Mohebi; . Leila Azadbakht; . Avat Feizi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Mehdi Kargar

Volume 3, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Introduction and Goal: In diseases and disorders such as diabetes, treatment and diseasemanagement depends mostly on patient’s performance. So, self‑care is very important in ...  Read More Introduction and Goal: In diseases and disorders such as diabetes, treatment and diseasemanagement depends mostly on patient’s performance. So, self‑care is very important in thesepatients and they can affect their own welfare, functional capabilities, and disease processes byachieving self‑care skills. Nowadays, we know that self care follows individual, psychologicaland social factors which its recognition can assist health care providing systems to carry outeducational programs. This study aimed to investigate the role of perceived benefits and barriersin doing self‑care behaviors among diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This study is anarrative review and articles with sectional, cohort, and interventional, clinical trial, qualitativeand narrative designs were chosen using databases and academic search engines such asPubMed, SCOPUS, ProQuest, Elsevier and key words like self‑care diabetes, perceived benefitsand barriers. Persian articles were also selected using databases like IRANMEDEX, MEDLIB,as well as searching the articles in sites of domestic scientific magazines. Results: Reviewedarticles’ findings show the average situation of perceived benefits and barriers in diabeticpatients regarding self‑care. Qualified blood sugar (glucose) control, weight control, happinessfeeling and expenses reduction are the most important perceived benefits. The most significantperceived barriers in self‑care consist of lack of family support, shame feeling, forgetfulnessand not being able to ignore foods’ flavor. Conclusion: Perceived benefits and barriers, ascentral constructs in some patterns and theories of behavior change, were related to self‑care,so that it was directly related to perceived benefits and reversely related to perceived barriers.Therefore, these two constructs can be considered as strategies for promoting self‑carebehaviors in diabetic patients.

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Review the key role of self‑efficacy in diabetes care

. Siamak Mohebi; . Leila Azadbakht; . Avat Feizi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Mehdi Kargar

Volume 3, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Introduction and Aims: Diabetes is one of the chronic and prevalent diseases in the world.Diabetic patients’ number has increased 7 times during last 20 years. If this current ...  Read More Introduction and Aims: Diabetes is one of the chronic and prevalent diseases in the world.Diabetic patients’ number has increased 7 times during last 20 years. If this current situationcontinues, diabetic patients’ population will be 350 millions ones in 2030. It means that 7millions people will be added annually. Up to now, different uncontrollable factors have beenmonitored in self‑caring of this disease for managing and preventing from its early and late sideeffects. This research is conducted to study the role of self‑efficacy as a determinant agent inself‑caring of diabetic patients. Study Method: This is a narrative review study in which variousinformation banks and search motors such as PubMed, ProQuest, SCOPUS, Elsevier werereviewed. Diabetes, self‑care and self efficacy keywords from cross sectional, cohort, clinicalexperimental studies and systematic review were also used in the study construction. IranianBanks such as IRANMEDEX, MEDLINE and also different articles from domestic research andscientific magazines were selected. Time spectrum of reviewed studies was supposed to bepublished from 1990 up to 2011. Results: Self‑care situation among diabetic patients not only isunsatisfactory but also the studies` results show that self‑efficacy rate is low among them. Thefindings of the studies prove that there is a direct relation between self‑efficacy and self‑carein the patients in a way that this construct owns the predictability power of self‑care behavior.Conclusion: Self‑caring has a significant role in controlling of diabetes disease. Self‑efficacycan induce motivation directly take health promoting behavior through efficacy expectations.It also affects motivation, indirectly, through perceived barriers and determining commitmentor stability for following function map. So, self‑efficacy is very important in changing self‑carebehavior process.

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