Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: In recent years, many changes have been observed in women’s roles in
organizations. In Iran, women face challenges to be promoted to high‑level organizational positions.
The present study aimed to examine the role of glass ceiling in promoting women to managerial
positions from the perspective of the faculty members at Iran University of Medical Sciences.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was an applied study in terms of objectives and
a descriptive‑survey study in terms of data collection, variable monitoring and control, and
generalizability. The statistical population of the study encompassed all clinical and basic sciences
faculty members at Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019–2020. The simple random sampling
method was adopted, and the study instrument was the standard questionnaire of women’s beliefs
about glass ceiling developed by Smith (2012). To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential (namely
paired‑sample t‑test and one‑sample t‑test) statistics were run in the SPSS software.
RESULTS: The results revealed that glass ceiling dimensions could predict 48% of the variance
of women’s promotion to managerial positions. Furthermore, a significant difference was noticed
between men and women’s perspectives toward glass ceiling (P < 0.001); however, there was no
significant difference between the two groups of clinical and basic sciences (P > 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Failure to provide appropriate opportunities for qualified women to be promoted to
managerial positions would result in nonexploitation of about half of the available capacities and talents.
Women have unique abilities and soft skills in the human resource management. At the macro‑level,
policy‑makers and planners to review the plans and delegation of organizational‑managerial positions
and also to further consider the role of women in managerial positions by observing gender justice
and meeting criteria such as capability and expertise.

Abstract Iran as a developing country is at risk of vulnerability to technological disasters. These types of
disasters occur frequently in last years and affected thousands of lives. Technological disasters
in Iran cause thousands of deaths, thousands of injuries, and millions of dollars’ economic loss in
recent years. We searched suitable keywords in national and international disaster databases for
gathering epidemiological data in these disasters in Iran. In addition, we searched suitable keywords
in scientific databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scientific
Information Database, Magiran, and Irandoc. After screening, only 19 articles discussed challenges
of technological disasters in the country. Road accidents, explosions and fires, mine accidents, and
railway accidents are common events in the country. After 2015, these types of disaster cause 823
deaths and injuries. Experience of response to these disasters showed that technological disaster
management in the country faces too many challenges including comprehensive and prospective
programs, weakness of necessary infrastructure for urban management, weakness in group work
and interorganizational coordination, lack of coherent involvement of people and nongovernmental
organizations, lack of information coverage during the disaster, volunteers in police service presence
at scene, and normalization of these events. Due to interorganizational nature of mitigation in
technological disasters, it must be developed coordination between various organizations to mitigate
these types of disasters.