Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: Assessment of the patient safety competency is necessary for the growth of nursing
and safe care profession as well as evaluation of the nurses’ educational needs. The present study
was conducted to determine psychometric properties of the Persian version of the patient safety
competency self‑evaluation (PSCSE) tool in Iranian psychiatric wards.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: All nurses (n = 209) working in two psychiatric hospitals of Kerman,
Iran, were included in the present cross‑sectional study using census method. This tool contains 41
items: six items are related to knowledge, 14 items deal with attitude, and 21 items are about skill
dimension. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire including its content and face validity were
also examined. The factor structure of the questionnaire was evaluated using exploratory factor
analysis. The internal consistency and reliability were assessed by test–retest method with an interval
of 14 days. Cronbach’s alpha and corrected item‑total correlation were used to measure reliability.
RESULTS: The content validity index was 0.65 and the content validity ratio was 0.89. Item 14 was
removed from the skill domain because it was not related to the psychiatric ward. According to the
results of factor analysis, there was a significant relationship between the questions and the relevant
factors. The correlation coefficient for test–retest with 14 days interval was intraclass correlation
coefficient = 0.92 for the whole instrument and 0.89, 0.89, and 0.92 for the domains of knowledge,
attitude, and skill, respectively. The internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) of the whole
tool was 0.95 and 0.95, 0.79, and 0.95 for the domains of knowledge, attitude, and skill, respectively.
Finally, PSCSE Questionnaire was obtained with 40 items in dimensions of knowledge (6 items),
attitude (14 items), and skills (20 items).
CONCLUSION: Persian version of the nurses’ competency tool in ensuring patient safety in psychiatric
wards has acceptable psychometric characteristics.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Social media addiction (SMA) led to the formation of health‑threatening behaviors
that can have a negative impact on the quality of life and well‑being. Many factors can develop an
exaggerated tendency to use social media (SM), which can be prevented in most cases. This study
aimed to explore the reasons for SMA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis. A
total of 18 SM addicted subjects were included through purposive sampling. Data were collected
through semi‑structured interviews and analyzed using the Lundman and Graneheim qualitative
content analysis method.
RESULTS: The main category of “weakness in acquiring life skills” was extracted with three themes: “problems
in socializing” (including communicating and escaping loneliness), “problems in resiliency” (including
devastation in harsh conditions and inability to recover oneself and “lack of problem‑solving skills”(including
weaknesses in analysis and decision making and disorganization in planning).
CONCLUSIONS: Weakness in life skills plays an important role in individuals’ addiction to SM and
formation of the health‑threatening behaviors. Since SMA can affect behavioral health, policymakers
must adopt educational and preventive programs to increase the knowledge and skills of individuals
in different societies in the modern world.

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIM: Measuring child abuse and adverse experiences is a critical task with
regard to its long‑term impact on the health of individuals and communities. The purpose of this
study was to validate the Persian version of the International Adverse Childhood Experiences Abuse
Short Form (ACE‑ASF) in Iranian society.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted in Kerman, southeast of
Iran, in 2019, on 494 students from Kerman University of Medical Sciences, selected by convenience
sampling method. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire were examined after the forward
and backward translation processes. The factor structure of the questionnaire was evaluated using
exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The concurrent validity of
the questionnaire was assessed using the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). Cronbach’s alpha
and corrected item‑total correlation were used to measure reliability.
RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 24.3 ± 5.3 years. Based on EFA, two physical–emotional
abuse and sexual abuse factors were obtained. The CFA fit indices well supported two extracted
factors. The CFA showed acceptable factor loadings. The internal consistency coefficient of
Cronbach’s alpha was 0.75 for the physical–emotional abuse factor and 0.77 for the sexual abuse
factor. The correlation coefficient of ACE‑ASF and CTQ was r = 0.56. The reliability index of intraclass
correlation coefficient was 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.60–0.84).
CONCLUSION: The Persian version of the ACE‑ASF questionnaire has acceptable psychometric
properties.