Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Evaluation of the effect of education on perceived stress of mother candidates for amniocentesis

. Shahnaz Mojahed; . Fariba Reyhanizadeh; . Razieh Sadat Tabatabaei; . Ali Dehghani

Volume 11, Issue 6 , July 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Amniocentesis is one of the methods for diagnosing prenatal abnormalities.Pregnant women with high‑risk fetal screening results are the candidates for amniocentesis. Mostof ... Read More BACKGROUND: Amniocentesis is one of the methods for diagnosing prenatal abnormalities.Pregnant women with high‑risk fetal screening results are the candidates for amniocentesis. Mostof these women are afraid of this procedure because they predict that the test will be painful andworried about its adverse effects on pregnancy, fetal injury, or the risk of maternal death. Therefore,the aim of this study was to determine the effect of education on the perceived stress of motherswho are the candidates for amniocentesis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a quasi‑experimental, two‑group clinical trialwith a parallel design. This study was in three stages: pretest (before intervention), posttest (afterintervention), and after amniocentesis. This study was performed on 80 pregnant women who werethe candidates for amniocentesis (15–20 weeks of pregnancy) with high‑risk fetal screening resultsreferred to the perinatology clinic in Yazd in 2020. The intervention package included training andusing breathing techniques, broadcasting educational animations on how to perform amniocentesis,expressing experiences by people who had experienced amniocentesis, and finally visiting theamniocentesis site and getting to know the relevant perinatologist. Data collection tools weredemographic and midwifery profile questionnaires and Cohen perceived stress. SPSS softwareversion 16 was used for statistical analysis of data.RESULTS: The results showed that the research units had high stress at the beginning of thestudy. The perceived stress score at the beginning of the study in the intervention group was30.1750 ± 6.53153 and in the control group was 28.2750 ± 8.57841. After the intervention, theparticipants’ stress level decreased below the cutting point. In the experimental group, the meanstresses after the intervention and after amniocentesis were significantly lower than before theintervention; however, after amniocentesis, it was somewhat higher than the postintervention stage.In the preintervention stage, the mean stress score between the two groups was not statisticallysignificant. The difference after the intervention between the two groups was significant (P < 001.0);however, in the postamniocentesis stage, the difference in stress was not significant. After theintervention and after amniocentesis, the perceived stress of pregnant mothers in the experimentalgroup was less than the control group.CONCLUSION: Considering that the perceived stress in amniocentesis candidate mothers washigh in the present study, so that after performing the method, mothers left the center with highstress, it is very important to pay attention to its psychological aspects. Therefore, it is suggestedthat educational interventions before and during amniocentesis be considered for them along withpsychological support and follow‑up care after amniocentesis.

The effect of group cognitive‑behavioral counseling on optimism and self‑esteem of women during the 1st month of marriage that referring to marriage counseling center

. Maryam Dafei; . Fateme Jahanbazi; . Farahnaz Nazari; . Faranak Safdari Dehcheshmeh; . Ali Dehghani

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Quality of relationship marital status affects all aspects of family functioning,including sustainability of cohabit living, supporting children, and happiness of couples. ... Read More BACKGROUND: Quality of relationship marital status affects all aspects of family functioning,including sustainability of cohabit living, supporting children, and happiness of couples. This studywas conducted to examine the effect of group cognitive‑behavioral counseling on optimism andself‑esteem of women during the 1st month of marriage that referring to marriage counseling center.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A semi‑experimental study was designed by a test, posttest, andfollow‑up. Participants consisted of 30 women admitted to premarriage counseling center of Farsancity in 2018 with using purposive sampling by random numbers’ table into experimental and controlgroups. The experimental group participated in eight consecutive 2‑h group counseling sessions.Data collection tools were demographic questionnaire, Rosenberg’s Self‑Esteem Scale, and optimismdesigned by Mir Ahmadi (reliability and validity are calculated and was 0.96) and completed in threerounds. Women’s self‑esteem retested was done after 1 month. Data were analyzed with independentt‑test and repeated measures ANOVA (significance level <0.005). Quantitative variables wereanalyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between optimism scores in theexperimental (M = 150.47, standard deviation [SD] = 22.07) and control groups (M = 149.2,SD = 21.54) prior to intervention (P = 0.875). The mean optimism score was significantly different inintervention (M = 169.33, SD = 17.01) and control (M = 147.2, SD = 22.22) groups immediately aftercounseling (P = 0.005) and 1 month after counseling (P = 0.002, M = 171.08, SD = 17.98). The meanself‑esteem scores were statistically significant in both groups immediately after counseling (P = 0.023,I: M = 37.06, SD = 8.69, C: M = 31.4, SD = 4.83) and 1 month after counseling (P = 0.028, I: M =34.73, SD = 4.93, C: M = 30.06, SD = 4.8).CONCLUSION: Cognitive‑behavioral counseling enhances women’s optimism by emphasizingthe training of communication and conflict resolution skills, which leads to positive attitude and lifesatisfaction. Therefore, using cognitive‑behavioral counseling in marriage counseling sessions canimprove couples’ relationships.

The effect of cognitive–behavioral counseling of pregnant women with the presence of a spouse on stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression

. Maryam Dafei; . Shahnaz Mojahed; . Ghasem Dastjerdi; . Ali Dehghani; . Tayebeh Shojaaddini Ardakani

Volume 11, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are classified as one of the vulnerable groups. Physiological andpsychological changes during pregnancy predispose them to serious psychiatric disorders; ... Read More BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are classified as one of the vulnerable groups. Physiological andpsychological changes during pregnancy predispose them to serious psychiatric disorders; if notidentified and treated in time, it can have a negative and long‑term impact on mental health. The aimof this study was to determine the effect of cognitive–behavioral counseling of pregnant women withthe presence of a spouse on the level of stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a clinical trial that was performed on 40 pregnantwomen with a gestational age of 32–28 weeks (20 in the intervention group, 20 in the control group)who were randomly assigned to the intervention group and the control group according to the inclusioncriteria. Cognitive–behavioral group counseling in the presence of spouses was performed by themidwife and under the supervision of a psychologist, in eight sessions, each session lasting 90 min,once a week for the intervention group. The control group received routine care and a counselingsession. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire and Depression–Anxiety–Stress Scale 21, which were completed before the intervention, immediately after the intervention,and on the 14th day after delivery in both groups. Data analysis was performed using statistical tests,independent t‑test, repeated measures test, Bonferroni post hoc test, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.RESULTS: The results of this study showed that the mean scores of stress, anxiety, and depressionin the two groups in the preintervention stage were not significantly different (P < 0.05), but in thepostintervention stage and follow‑up, the mean scores of stress (P < 0.001), depression (P = 0.010),and anxiety (P = 0.029) in the intervention group were significantly reduced compared to the controlgroup.CONCLUSION: According to the research findings, cognitive–behavioral group counseling can beeffective as an approach in improving the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression in pregnantwomen. Therefore, it is necessary to plan properly to use this counseling approach to manage stress,anxiety, and depression in women during pregnancy.

The effect of education on anxiety of pregnant mothers before amniocentesis

. Shahnaz Mojahed; . Razie Sadat Tabatabaei; . Fariba Reihani; . Ali Dehghani; . Faride Khavari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy alone is associated with many anxieties and worries for many women.Prenatal diagnosis of fetal malformations is one of the most important anxious events for women.Increasing ... Read More BACKGROUND: Pregnancy alone is associated with many anxieties and worries for many women.Prenatal diagnosis of fetal malformations is one of the most important anxious events for women.Increasing knowledge empowers the person to identify the important issues and by increasingunderstanding, creates a positive attitude in people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigatethe effect of education on the level of anxiety of pregnant mothers before invasive screening for fetalabnormalities (amniocentesis).MATERIALS AND METHODS : This is a quasi‑experimental study with two parallel designs in threestages: Pretest (before intervention), posttest (after intervention), and after amniocentesis. This studywas performed on 80 pregnant women candidates for amniocentesis (40 pregnant women in thecontrol group and 40 pregnant women in the intervention group) referred to the perinatology clinic inYazd in 2020. Data collection tools were demographic and midwifery questionnaires and Spiel Bergeranxiety questionnaires. In the experimental group, the intervention was performed as group trainingfor 90 min immediately before amniocentesis. In the control group, only routine procedures (briefdescription by a perinatologist during amniocentesis) were performed. SPSS software version 16was used to analyze the data.RESULTS: The mean age of the research units was 67/5 ± 5/33 years. The results of Mann–Whitneyintergroup test showed that the mean scores of overt anxiety before the intervention between thecontrol and intervention groups were not significant (P < 0.014) but were significant after training andafter amniocenter (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the results of Mann–Whitney group test showed thatthe mean scores of overt anxiety in the intervention group before and after training were significant(P < 0.001). Furthermore, the results of the control group showed significant results (P < 0.001). Theresults of the independent t‑test showed that the mean scores of latent anxiety before the interventionbetween the control and intervention groups were not significant (P < 0.194) but were significantafter the training (P < 0.57) but The results were not significant after amniocentesis (P < 0.216).Furthermore, the results of paired t‑test within the group showed that the mean scores of overtanxiety in the intervention group before and after training was significant (P < 0.001). Furthermore,the results of the control group showed significant results (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicate the positive effect of education on anxiety ofpregnant women candidates for amniocentesis. The results also show the important role of educationon the psychological dimension of high‑risk pregnant women in relation to the consequences ofpregnancy and childbirth. According to the research results, it seems that education affects thecognitive system and information processing by increasing people’s awareness of the amniocentesisprocess and its consequences.

Hospitals’ efficiency in Iran: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

. Somayeh Mahdiyan; . Ali Dehghani; . Arefe Dehghani Tafti; . Mohsen Pakdaman; . Roohollah Askari

Volume 9, Issue 6 , June 2019, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Given that the need to pay attention to measuring efficiency is considered asone of the main pillars of improving the level of efficiency in hospitals, so this study was ... Read More BACKGROUND: Given that the need to pay attention to measuring efficiency is considered asone of the main pillars of improving the level of efficiency in hospitals, so this study was carriedout aimed to determine the mean technical efficiency (The technical efficiency is bound by zeroand one and a score of less than one means that the theatre is inefficient as it could) score interms of type and activity of the hospital, input‑oriented and output‑oriented attitude, returns toscale (In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are related but different conceptsthat describe what happens as the scale of production increases in the long run, when all inputlevels including physical capital usage are variable (chosen by the firm). The concept of returnsto scale arises in the context of a firm’s production function. It explains the behavior of the rateof increase) in hospitals of Iran using data envelopment analysis (DEA) (DEA is a nonparametricmethod in operations’ research and economics for the estimation of production frontiers. It isused to empirically measure productive efficiency of decision‑making units) and stochastic frontieranalysis (SFA) (SFA is a method of economic modeling. It has its starting point in the stochasticproduction frontier models simultaneously introduced by Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt[1977] andMeeusen and Van den Broeck[1977]MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was carried out with a systematic reviewof all studies conducted on measuring efficiency of hospitals in Iran from March 21, 2001 toDecember 21, 2017 using DEA and SFA. Eleven databases were searched using appropriatekeywords and 470 articles were found and evaluated using a checklist, and finally, 24 articleswere entered into the meta‑analysis process. Meta‑analysis was performed using random effectmodel and fixed‑effect model, and study heterogeneity was investigated using Q‑Cochrantest and I2 index. Furthermore, the main reasons of study heterogeneity were identified dueto meta‑regression.RESULTS: The average technical efficiency score of hospitals using DEA and SFA methodwas obtained equal to 0.885 and 0.809, respectively. Furthermore, with regard to the DEAmethod, 0.885, 0.891.0.952 and 0.913 was obtained for input‑oriented and output‑oriented,general and specialized care hospitals and constant returns respectively. With regard to SFAmethod, 0.733, 0.664, 0.641, 0.802, was obtained, and the inputs and outputs affect measuringthe efficiency.DISCUSSION: In contrast, the DEA method can investigate several input and output simultaneouslyand is used as an effective and flexible tool in order to measure the efficiency of the hospital. DEAcan be easily used for calculating efficiency scores based on the proper selection of input andoutput indicators. The data envelopment analysis method and different input and output variableshave been used in most studies conducted in Iran, and Stochastic Frontier Analysis has been lessconsidered. In the present study, the DEA method in governmental educational hospitals showed ahigher efficiency than SFA method in the hospitals under study. But in general, due to lack of optimalefficiency level in the hospital, it is suggested that policymakers determine the hospital efficiencyindices in order to evaluate their efficiency from different dimensions. CONCLUSION: The average technical efficiency score of hospitals using DEA and SFA method was obtained equal to 0.885and 0.809, respectively. Also, the mean technical efficiency score in terms of input-oriented and output-oriented, general andspecialized care hospitals and constant returns to scale using the DEA method was obtained equal to 0.885, 0.891.0.952 and0.913 and using the SFA method, respectively, it was equal to 0.733, 0.664, 0.641, 0.802, and the inputs and outputs affectingmeasuring the efficiency. There is no significant difference between the mean efficiency score between the two methods, butthe data envelopment analysis method is used more. It is suggested that the hospitals efficiency indicators to be determined inorder to more accurately evaluate the hospitals efficiency.

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Author = . Ali Dehghani

Evaluation of the effect of education on perceived stress of mother candidates for amniocentesis

Abstract

The effect of group cognitive‑behavioral counseling on optimism and self‑esteem of women during the 1st month of marriage that referring to marriage counseling center

Abstract

The effect of cognitive–behavioral counseling of pregnant women with the presence of a spouse on stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression

Abstract

The effect of education on anxiety of pregnant mothers before amniocentesis

Abstract

Hospitals’ efficiency in Iran: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

Abstract