Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: The development of any society depends on proper planning in various fields such
as population and birth control. Fertility control is designed to create a level of population growth
appropriate to the resources available and to ensure a good life. Receiving information and education
is one of the basic strategies to change the attitude toward fertility and awareness in most people in
society. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of education on knowledge of
fertility counseling and attitudes toward fertility control in health workers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a randomized clinical trial with a control
group that was conducted in the presence of 107 health workers of health centers and community
health centers working in Mashhad in 2017. The research units were randomly divided into three
groups (webinar training, group discussion training, and control). Research tools were researcher‑made
questionnaires on attitudes toward fertility and measuring healthy reproductive awareness that all
study participants completed at the beginning of the study and 2 weeks after the intervention. Data
analysis was performed by the Chi‑square, one‑way analysis of variance, and independent t‑test
using the SPSS software version 16.
RESULTS: The results of this study showed that at the beginning of the study, all three groups
were homogeneous in terms of quantitative and qualitative demographic variables including age,
education, work experience, type of employment, and number of family members. The results of
Kruskal–Wallis test showed that before the intervention, the three groups did not have a statistically
significant difference in terms of mean scores of awareness about fertility counseling (P = 0.77) and
attitude toward fertility control (P = 0.523), but this relationship was significant after the interventions.
Furthermore, the results of Mann–Whitney intragroup test showed that the scores before and after
the intervention were significant in both educational groups (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Considering the importance of healthy fertility counseling and the important place
of education in promoting awareness and attitude toward healthy fertility, it is recommended to use
active educational methods to promote the awareness and attitude of health workers to provide
healthy fertility services to couples.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Getting pregnant care is different due to the psychological problems of pregnant
mothers. Self‑compassion and social support are the important components of mental health.
Women with higher self‑compassion and social support can take full care of their pregnancies. The
aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social support and self‑compassion with
adequate prenatal care.
METHODS: The present study is a cross‑sectional descriptive study that was performed in
2018 using the available sampling method on 500 pregnant mothers referred to Isfahan health
centers. Individuals entered the study if they had entry criteria and no exit criteria, and completed
social support, self‑compassion, and adequacy of pregnancy care questionnaires. The data were
coded and analyzed by SPSS software version 22 and Pearson’s correlation statistical test.
RESULTS: The results of data analysis with Pearson’s correlation test showed a positive and
statistically significant relationship with pregnancy care between the overall score of social support
(P < 0.001) and the dimensions of social support such as family support (P < 0.002), support of
friends (P < 0.004), and the support of other people (P < 0.001). The results also showed a positive
and statistically significant relationship between self‑compassion and prenatal care (P < 0.001). There
was a significant positive relationship between the subscales of the self‑empathy questionnaire,
including kindness to oneself, human commonalities, mindfulness and increasing replication, and
pregnancy care, but there was a significant negative relationship between subscales of isolation and
self‑judgment with pregnancy care.
CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, social support and self‑compassion
as two components of mental health can affect the quality of services during pregnancy. For this
reason, it is recommended that health‑care providers pay attention to these two issues in order to
increase the level of care during pregnancy and thus ensure maternal health during pregnancy and
childbirth and the health of the fetus and baby.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Considering the trend of reducing fertility in recent decades, the level of awareness
and attitude of health workers to fertility has an important role in achieving the country’s demographic
goals. Improving attitudes and improving the scientific level and skills of health workers are the basic
pillars to improve the quality and quantity of health‑care services. Therefore, this study was conducted
with the aim of improving the level of awareness and attitude toward fertility and fertility counseling
skills of health workers with both face‑to‑face and virtual training methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled trial of three groups and
pre‑test‑posttest experiments performed on 108 midwives and health‑care workers working in
Mashhad Health Center and Community Health Centers and Health Centers in 2015. The tools
used in this study were four researcher‑made questionnaires that were validated and reliable. Data
analysis was performed by Chi‑square test, one‑way, and independent t‑analysis of variance using
SPSS software version 16.
RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in awareness level, attitude toward fertility,
and counseling skills in the studied groups after the implementation of interventions (P < 0.001).
Furthermore, there was a significant inverse relationship between the attitude score of the research
units at the beginning of the study and the demographic variables with only the average work
experience.
CONCLUSION: Training is effective in raising the level of awareness and changing the attitude of
health workers. The use of group discussion methods in person as well as through a webinar in
which learners think, interact, and gain experience in promoting healthy fertility counseling promotes
awareness, attitudes toward fertility, and their counseling skills in providing healthy reproductive
counseling.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Due to the significant decrease in fertility in recent decades and the important role
of health workers and health‑care providers in providing healthy reproductive counseling, their training
is necessary using effective educational methods. Webinar and group discussion (GD) are effective
in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the most effective method and with the aim
of comparing the effect of two training methods (webinar and GD) on the attitude and performance
of health workers in providing counseling with fertility promotion approach in comprehensive health
centers in Mashhad.
METHODS: In this randomized trial study with a control group, 108 health workers working in health
centers no. 2–3 and 5 of Mashhad entered the study and were randomly divided into three groups of
training by webinar, GD, and control. Intervention groups received healthy fertility counseling skills
in three training sessions. Research tools were demographic information questionnaires, fertility
attitudes, and performance measurement checklists for fertility counseling. The questionnaires were
completed in three groups at the beginning and after the completion of the interventions. Data analysis
was performed by Chi‑square test and one‑way analysis of variance using SPSS software version 16.
RESULTS: The analysis of variance test showed that before the intervention, there was no statistically
significant difference between the three groups in terms of average scores of fertility attitude and
performance scores of fertility counseling. After the interventions, the difference between the fertility
attitude scores (P < 0.001) and the performance scores of fertility counseling (P < 0.001) was significant
in the three groups. There was no significant relationship between demographic characteristics and
attitude and performance.
CONCLUSION: Teaching by webinar and GD promotes the attitude and performance of health
workers in providing counseling with a fertility promotion approach. Therefore, it is recommended to
use new educational methods such as webinar and GD to promote childbearing counseling, which
has been emphasized in the country’s population policies. Since the mean score difference for
the webinar training method was the highest due to the mean scores, this method could be more
effective than the GD method.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Prenatal care refers to proper and principled implementation aimed at maintaining
a healthy pregnancy in terms of physical health and favorable psychological outcomes for the
mother, infant, and family. The adequacy of prenatal care is an important indicator in predicting infant
and maternal mortality. Mental health components such as hope and happiness can influence the
quality of prenatal care. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hope and
happiness with prenatal care.
METHODS: This is a cross‑sectional study that was performed on 200 pregnant mothers referred
to Isfahan, Iran, comprehensive health centers in 2018 using an available sampling method. The
research instrument was a questionnaire of hope, happiness, and quality of prenatal care that was
completed by qualified people. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistical
methods (Pearson correlation).
RESULTS: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the
adequacy of care and overall hope score (P = 0.032). There was also a positive and significant
relationship between the adequacy of care and the subscales of hope (thinking [P = 0.002] and
path [P = 0.004]). There was a positive and significant relationship between the adequacy of prenatal
care and overall happiness score (P = 0.03). Positive emotion subscale (P = 0.033) had a significant
positive correlation and negative emotion subscale (P = 0.001) had a significant negative relationship
with the adequacy of prenatal care.
CONCLUSION: According to the results, mental health can affect the quality of prenatal care. As a
result, health providers to pregnant mothers can improve the adequacy of prenatal care by examining
pregnant women in terms of these two issues, thereby improving the health of themselves and their
children, and ultimately, community health.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Maintaining family stability is an important principle, and sexual satisfaction is
an important component of family stability. Disturbance in it is a threat to the survival and stability
of the family. Emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence are psychological variables that affect
marital satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between
spiritual and emotional intelligence and sexual satisfaction of married women.
METHODS: A cross‑sectional correlation study was conducted on 200 married women referring to
Lar health centers in 2017. Sampling was available in a way. The research units completed the King
Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, Shoot Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Sexual Satisfaction
and Beck Depression if they had inclusion criteria and written consent. Finally, the data were analyzed
by Spearman statistical tests.
RESULTS: The results of the Spearman test showed that there is a positive and significant
relationship between emotional intelligence and sexual satisfaction (P = 0.001), with increased
emotional intelligence and sexual satisfaction. The results of the study of emotional intelligence
components showed that only the emotional adjustment component had a significant relationship
with sexual satisfaction. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between
spiritual intelligence and sexual satisfaction and the components of transcendental consciousness,
transcendental alertness, and personal meaningfulness with sexual satisfaction (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study and given that one of the duties of midwives is
to provide counseling on sexual health, they can raise individual awareness, or group or educational
classes, through awareness‑raising campaigns for women, improving sexual relations and following
are family health. midwives can enhance their spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, women’s
awareness, and sexual intercourse through counseling sessions (individually, in groups, or classes).
All of the above can be a source of family health.