Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes makes considerable costs for health‑care organizations.
The increase of patient’s self‑care abilities by use of personalizing health information prescription
can reduce these costs. This study was conducted to explore the benefits and challenges related to
personalizing health information prescription in diabetes clinical settings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The samples included diabetes education officials working in
specialized diabetes clinics and Diabetes Research Centre managers of Iran and Tehran Universities
of Medical Sciences. They were 21 cases and selected through purposeful sampling method.
Semi‑structured interview and focus discussion groups were used to collect the viewpoints of
specialists. Interview guide, based on literature review and the documents of diabetes, was used
in interviews and focus groups. Their validity was affirmed by specialists. The interview texts were
coded in MAXQDA10 software and analyzed through content analysis method.
RESULTS: The most important benefits of personalizing health information prescription were
classified into five themes as follows: medical services improvement, facilitation of consumers to
information resources, improvement in patients’ knowledge and awareness, increase in self‑care
ability and disease management, reinforcing the relation between physician and patient and keeping
physician in the information prescription cycle. The challenges of personalizing of health information
prescription were revealed as follows: Recognition of patients’ personal characteristics at the turn
of entering the system, systems’ functional modifiers especially bilateral interaction and relation to
patient’s health file, content recognition, and creating suitable protocol.
CONCLUSION: This study showed that diabetes clinical settings face different organizational and
process challenges for establishing the personalization of health information prescription. The most
important challenges which should be considered in designing information prescription in diabetes
clinical environments are as follows: reinforcing physicians’ recognition of information prescription
benefits, lack of integrative electronic health information system, and patient primary assessment
in the first stage of entering the patient into the system in respect of clinical and personal aspects
in information needs of consumer.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: An important construct to consider within diabetes management and the changing
landscape of diabetes therapies is self‑efficacy. Self‑efficacy research holds the potential to inform
and assist the diabetes team as well as patients with type 1 diabetes.
METHODS: In this descriptive‑correlation study, 200 adolescents with type 1 diabetes were enrolled.
To measure spiritual intelligence, the 24‑question Spiritual Intelligence Self‑Report Inventory
questionnaire and to measure self‑efficacy of diabetes, the Self‑efficacy Questionnaire (8 questions)
were used. Data collection was conducted by simple sampling. Data were analyzed using Pearson
analysis, mean, and standard deviation analysis tests.
RESULTS: Nearly 66% of the participants were female, the mean age of the samples was
17.10 ± 1.85 years, the mean duration of diabetes was 5.98 ± 3.79 years, and 62.5% had a history of
diabetes in first‑degree relatives. Almost 42% of the participants were the first children of the family and
29.5% were studying at the university.The mean score of spiritual intelligence was 60.42 ± 12.9. The
mean self-efficacy score was 5.41 ± 1.87.The mean scores in the critical thinking, personal meaning
production, transcendental awareness, conscious state expansion were 18.31 ± 4.33, 13.17 ± 3.36,
11.26 ± 3.36, 46.14 ± 1.04, 11.33 ± 1.04, and 11.89 ± 3.9, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha level on the
level of spiritual intelligence and self‑efficacy was 0.903 and 0.082, respectively, at 95% confidence
level. There was a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and self‑efficacy (P = 0.026).
There was no significant relationship between self‑efficacy with spiritual intelligence subscales.
CONCLUSION: This study showed that spiritual intelligence correlates with self‑efficacy and has a
decisive role in improving the health of adolescents with diabetes.