Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The system of safety management in higher education centers can prevent
the complications caused by harmful issues to students and bring their potential talents closer to
perfection. Therefore, this study aimed to design a safety management system (SMS) in higher
education centers of Iran in 2016.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a descriptive study of qualitative type. This study was
conducted in three independent phases, including (1) evaluating theoretical concepts, (2) developing
an initial system by determining the points of sharing and differentiation of the evaluated systems,
and (3) validating the SMS using the Delphi technique. Consensus on opinions and identifying
similarities and differences of reviewed studies have been used for qualitative data analysis, and
the descriptive statistics (sum of scores and mean) by means of SPSS version 21 has been used
for quantitative data analysis.
RESULTS: In the first stage, 108 indexes were identified by reviewing the studies and evaluating
the SMS in the world’s educational and noneducational organizations for the 12 main categories
of SMS. In the Delphi phase, 83 components were identified as a key index of the SMS in higher
education centers of Iran. Furthermore, the average mean of participants’ views on the dimensions
of the SMS for higher education centers has been 4.32, with the highest average mean of 4.59
related to the dimension of the facility and the firefighting department and the lowest mean of 4.10
for the student dimension.
CONCLUSION: The indexes presented in this study will provide a fairly complete tool for designing
SMS in higher education centers, which by applying it will provide a good opportunity to improve the
performance of these systems over time.

Abstract CONTEXT: Health system reform plan refers to conducting some fundamental, systematic, and
sustainable changes.
AIMS: The aim of the present study was to evaluate different required inputs of Iran Health
Transformation Plan from experts’ viewpoints.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The data of this qualitative study were collected using semi‑structured
interviews.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The purposive sampling method led to 18 participant selection and
then they were interviewed. Interviewees were assured about confidentiality of information.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The thematic analysis method and MAXQDA software were
employed for analyzing the data.
RESULTS: There were 4 main themes and 35 subthemes extracted including management
requirements for health development plan, human resources, information resources, and financial
resources. Each theme had subthemes such as “resource allocation,” “development of required
standards for human resources,” “human resources’ motivation,” “failures in IT infrastructures,”
“hospital information management software,” “guidelines and instructions,” “costs controlling,” and
“financing the plan”.
CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study put significant emphasis on the path of improving
the effectiveness and efficacy of applying the discussed inputs, which can be a light for revising
past policies and taking better future steps, it also can be a resource guide for policy‑makers and
managers of the health‑care system.

Abstract Background: Today, much attention has been paid to the patient role as the central factor in the
management of their own health. It is focused on the issue that the patient has a more critical role
compared with the health-care provider in controlling the patient own health. defines health literacy
as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health
information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Objective: The objective of
this study was to determine health literacy, health status, healthcare utilization and the relationship
between them in 18 - 64 years old people in Isfahan. Structure and Design: This study was a
descriptive analytical survey, which was conducted on 300 subjects of 18-64 years old in Isfahan
with Multi-stage sampling method proportional to selected sample size. Materials and Methods:
For collecting the data, questionnaire adapted from CHAP (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare
Providers and Systems) health literacy questionnaire was used. Health status was measured based
on an assessment of the physical and mental health over the past 6 months by 5° Likert scale. Data
analysis was performed by using SPSS 18, descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and multivariate
analysis of variance. Results: There was no significant correlation between health literacy, health
status and healthcare utilization. Utilization was less in the urban area No. 6 of the city. In the
bachelor’s degree group, the health status was lower than the other groups in these cases: Older
ages, married, women, large family size, undergraduates, and urban area No. 14. Conclusions:
Due to the average prevalence of health literacy in 18-64 years old individuals in Isfahan and lowhealthcare utilization, the followings are recommended: Necessity of more attention to the issue
of health literacy, improving the physician-patient relationship and community awareness, whether
through health promotion programs or media for the optimum use of available resources.

Abstract Context: One of the most important subjects in health economics and healthcare management
is the theory of induced demand. There are different views about the concept of induced
demand. Extensive texts have been presented on induced demand, however a compatible
concept has not necessarily been provided for this phenomenon and it has not been defined
explicitly. Aims: The main aim of this article is to understand the concept of induced demand
with the use of experts’ perceptions of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Settings and
Design: The research was done using a qualitative method. Semi-structured interview was
used for data generation. Participants in this study were people who had been informed in this
regard and had to be experienced and were known as experts. Purposive sampling was done
for data saturation. Materials and Methods: Seventeen people were interviewed and criteria
such as “reliability of information” and “stability” of the data were considered. The anonymity
of the interviewees was preserved. Statistical Analysis Used: The data are transcribed,
categorized and then the thematic analysis was used. Results: In this study, 21 sub-categories
and three main categories were derived. Three main subjects were included: Induced demand
definition, induced demand elements, and induced demand methods. Each of these issues
contained some sub-subjects. Conclusion: The result of this study provides a framework for
examining the concept of induced demand. The most notable findings include the definition
of induced demand, induced demand elements, and method of induced demand. In induced
demand definition, an important issue that is often overlooked is that inducing regarding to
the effectiveness of clinical services and medical values can lead to better or worse outcomes
for patients. These findings help the health policy makers study the phenomenon of induced
demand with clear-sighted approach.

Abstract Background: Many changes have been made in different sciences by developing and advancing
information and communication technology in last two decades. E‑health is a very broad term that
includes many different activities related to the use of electronic devices, software as well as hardware
in health organizations. Aims: The aim of this study is comparing electronic health indicators in the
selected countries and discussion on the best indicators. Settings and Design: This study has
chosen 12 countries randomly based on the regional division of the WHO. The relevant numbers
of health indicators and general indicators and information technology indicators are extracted
of these countries. We use data from the Bitarf’s comparative study, which is conducted by the
Iranian Supreme Council of Information Technology in 2007. Materials and Methods: By using
Pearson correlation test, the relations between health general indicators and IT indicators are
studied. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was analyzed based on the research objectives using
SPSS software and in accordance with research questions Pearson correlation test were used.
Results: The findings show that there is a positive relation between indicators related to IT and
“Total per capita health, healthy life expectancy, percent literacy”. Furthermore, there is a mutual
relation between IT indicators and “mortality indicator”. Conclusion: This study showed differences
between selective indicators among different countries. The modern world, with its technological
advances, is not powerless in the face of these geographic and health disparity challenges.
Researchers must not rely on the available indicators. They must consider indicators like e‑business
companies, electronic data internet, medical supplies, health electronic record, health information
system, etc., In future, continuous studies in this field, to provide the exact and regular reports of
amount of using of these indicators through different countries must be necessary.