Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: Mothers play an important role in oral health of children. The present study was 
planned, implemented, and evaluated to determine the impact of mothers’ educational program based 
on PRECEDE–PROCEED model on oral health promotion of Rafsanjan 3–6‑year‑old children, in 2020.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 100 mothers with 
children aged 3–6 years divided into two groups. The research tool was developed and approved 
based on the model phases in the form of demographic information, predisposing, enabling, and 
reinforcing factors. At phase five, intervention planning was conducted and the program was 
implemented in four sessions (45 min each) in 30 days. Follow‑up was done 2 months after the last 
training session. The data were analyzed by SPSS18, using Chi‑square, paired t‑test, and independent 
t‑test at the significance level of 0.05.
RESULTS: After implementing the program, a significant difference was observed between 
predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors, as well as oral health‑related behaviors of the two 
groups (P < 0.05). Finally, 30.4% of the changes in oral health‑related behavior resulted from the 
implementation of the designed educational program.
CONCLUSION: Considering the importance of planning to promote children’s oral health and 
hygiene, it is recommended that the PRECEDE–PROCEED model be used to design, implement, 
and evaluate health evidence‑based interventions.

Abstract BACKGROUND: In terms of public health, vaccination is considered as the most effective approach
against the infectious diseases. Accepting and receiving the first vaccine produced as an innovation
may not be easy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the predictors of intention
to receive COVID‑19 vaccine by Iranians aged 18–70 years based on the health belief model in 2021.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive study was performed on 2365 people aged
18–70‑year old in Iran by random cluster sampling. Receipt of data was done electronically
questionnaire through the Porcelain system. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20
using Chi‑square, one‑way analysis of variance, independent t‑test, and multiple regression analysis
at a significance level of 0.05.
RESULTS: The mean score of receiving the Iranian corona vaccine was 3.06 ± 1.30 out of 5 points.
About 16.7% reported that they will definitely choose the Iranian vaccine. The highest correlation
was between the intention to receive the vaccine with self‑efficacy (r = 0.239, P < 0.001) and barriers
to receiving the vaccine (r = −0.237, P < 0.001). Self‑efficacy (β = 0.114, P < 0.001), perceived
barriers (β = −0.126, P < 0.001), and benefits of vaccine (β = 0.061, P = 0.022) were most important
predictors the intention to receive the vaccine.
CONCLUSION: Approximately 38% reported that they would definitely and probably not choose the
Iranian corona vaccine. Therefore, it is suggested that more information should be provided about
the features and benefits of domestically produced vaccines compared to foreign products.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Fruits and vegetable (F.V) consumption is the most pivotal strategy of preventing 
cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancers. The present study aims to evaluate the 
effect of educational intervention based on social cognitive theory (SCT) on consumption of F.Vs 
among female high schools’ students in Rafsanjan (South of Iran).
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was carried out among 272 
students (intervention = 134 and control group = 138) using a multistage sampling method. The 
instrument used in this study included demographic characteristics, the students’ F.V consumption 
during the past 7 days and its determinants based on the theory. Educational interventions were 
made in three sessions for students and two sessions for parents, teachers, and school officials. 
The data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 using the statistical tests of Chi‑square, independent 
samples t‑test, paired‑samples t‑test, and univariate model at a significant level of 0.05.
RESULTS: Three months after the educational program, mean scores and standard deviation 
of F.V consumption and constructs in the intervention group increased significantly (P < 0.001). 
Respectively, 22.2% and 36.1% of the changes in the average unit of F.V consumption were the 
result of the present educational intervention.
CONCLUSION: The intervention based on SCT with an emphasis on the interaction between student, 
family, and school has had an effect on F.V consumption behavior. Therefore, in forming behavior, 
attention is paid to the interaction of individual and interpersonal factors.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Human brucellosis can be a source of problems that affect public health, social, and
economic well‑being of the world’s population. This study was conducted with the aim of determining
the effect of Educational Intervention (EI) based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on preventive behaviors
against brucellosis in Health Volunteers (HVs) in Rafsanjan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomly, 104 HVs, in the intervention and control group,
participated in a quasi‑randomized, controlled experimental study. Variables were evaluated before
and 1 month after intervention. In the intervention group, the educational program was conducted
with lecture, group discussion, showing movies and related photos, booklets, and pamphlets. The
program included five 45‑min sessions that developed regarding the beliefs and constructs of
HBM about brucellosis and its prevention methods. Data regarding HBM constructs and preventive
behavior were collected using the questionnaire with 100 items by the self‑report method. Finally,
the data were entered into the SPSS software version 16.0, and statistical tests such as Chi‑square,
independent and paired t‑test, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon test were used for the data analysis
at the significant level of 0.05.
RESULTS: Prior to the intervention, the mean score of the HBM constructs and preventive behaviors
between the two groups did not differ significantly, but 1 month later, in the intervention group
increased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: We recommend to health authorities and health‑care providers to use HBM in EIs
to create susceptibility, increase perceived severity and benefits, promote self‑efficacy, uses cue
to action, as well as reduce behavioral barriers, and ultimately adopt health‑promoting behaviors.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: It is vital importance to observe standard precautions (SPs) in dentistry to prevent
the transfer and spread of blood‑borne diseases in the community. The aim of the present study was
to evaluate the effect of educational intervention using health belief model (HBM) on the observation
of SPs by dental students in 2019.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty‑seven dental preclinical students were included in the present
quasi‑experimental study. The students were randomly assigned to two groups, and data were
collected using a questionnaire designed based on HBM. Educational intervention was carried out
after the pretest analysis in four 60‑min sessions. Data were analyzed with independent t‑test and
paired t‑test using SPSS 16 at a significance level of P < 0.05.
RESULTS: After the educational intervention, the mean score of awareness (P = 0.001), perceived
susceptibility (P = 0.01), perceived severity (P = 0.02), perceived benefits (P < 0.001), cues to
action (P = 0.006), self‑efficacy (P = 0.002), and behavior (0.03) in the intervention group was
significantly increased.
CONCLUSION: Despite the effect of education on increasing the students’ scores in HBM constructs
and observation of SPs, the most important barriers to the adoption of precautionary behaviors were
deficiencies in protective tools and aids.

Abstract Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major complex public health problem.
Different resources have proved that healthcare workers more than the general population
are at a risk of infection. Therefore, medical field students, due to the future occupational
hazards, are included in the risk group. Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the
level of knowledge, public and individual risk perception, and behavioral intention about
HCV, among medical sciences students of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Settings and Design: This is a descriptive–analytical study that was conducted among
457 students of the Medical Sciences in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: The data was collected using a questionnaire. Sampling was done
randomly. Statistical Analysis Used: The data was analyzed using the SPSS18 software and
statistical tests of Pearson, Spearman, T‑ test, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA); P < 0.05
was considered significant. Results: Four hundred and fifty‑seven students (41.8% male and
58.2% female) in 29 fields of study (six categories) participated in this research. The mean age
was 21.55 ± 2.6 years. The mean and standard deviations of the students’ knowledge was
3.71 ± 2.9 (out of 8), and the behavioral intention to accruing information and performance
of preventive actions related to HCV was 11.52 ± 3.16 (out of 20). Public risk perception was
20.1 ± 3.5 (out of 30); and personal risk perception was 6.96 ± 1.8 (out of 10). The ANOVA
test showed that public perception of the risk among students of different academic fields was
different (F = 1.52, P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the low knowledge of students of
Medical Sciences in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences about HCV, it was recommended
that the University Policymakers design an educational intervention about it, in order to minimize
the chances of being infected.

Abstract Introduction: Drug abuse, as a social phenomenon, is one of the health problems of
the present era. Inclination to drug abuse like other social phenomena is complex and
multi‑causal. Emphasizing on the psychological factors, the present study attempts to compare
the amount of depression, anxiety and stress between drug abusers and the comparison
group. Material and Methods: The research method is descriptive‑analytic and its design
is comparative. The population includes the youths of ages of 18‑29 (with and without drug
abuse behavior). The sampling is random and the sample size in drug abuser group is 183
and in the comparison group, it is 207 persons. The data collection instrument is questionnaire
of personal information containing 6 questions and the standard questionnaire is DASS‑21.
The data were analyzed through SPSS‑18 and statistic tests independent T, chi square,
Mann‑Whitney, and logistic regression analysis. Findings: The average age of the drug
abusers is 25.9 ± 2.96 years and the comparison group is 24.2 ± 3.36. The most amount of
methamphetamine is 75.9%. A significant correlation was observed between the education
level and drug abuse behavior (P < 0.001). The score of the stress, anxiety and stress in drug
abusers is more than the comparison group and this relationship was significant (P < 0.001).
Based on the logistic regression analysis results, anxiety has the highest correlation with drug
abuse behavior. Conclusion: The low level of education is an effective factor in drug abuse.
According to the strong correlation between psychological factors and drug abuse behavior,
it is necessary to suggest social plans of prevention and treatment of mental disorders.