Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: The cancer is uncontrolled growth and spread of cells that affect almost all parts of
the body. One of the most prevalent cancers in the female genital system is cervical cancer. The aim
of present study was to determine the effect of educational intervention using the Precaution Adoption
Process Model (PAPM) on cervical cancer screening behavior (Pap smear test) among women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this interventional study that was done in Karaj health centers (2016),
women (aged 15‑49 years) were in the third stage of behavior change process based on PAPM
randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The data collection tool was a PAPM‑based
questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Gathered data were analyzed using
statistical software SPSS 16 and statistical tests (t‑test, repeated measures analysis of variance,
and Wilcoxon, Chi‑squared, Fisher’s exact, and Mann‑Whitney tests).
RESULTS: The result showed that the stages of the decision‑making process between the two groups
were significantly different at the time immediately and 2 months after the intervention (P > 0.001). Also
the results of the intervention based on the health belief model health belief model (HBM) components,
regarding variables of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers,
and subjective norms, the mean scores in the experimental group were significantly different between
the three sections before, immediately, and 2 months after the intervention (P > 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides hints how persons could be influenced to move from the
“Deciding about action” positions into to the stages of decided to act, adoption, and maintenance
for promoting cervical cancer screening behavior.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Approximately one third of the food produced in the world for human consumption
was wasted.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the effect of intervention on behavior of food
consumption and waste production in the restaurants of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this quasi‑experimental study, 233 students of public health school
were selected as intervention group, and 233 students of medical school were selected as control
group. The food wastage was weighed in both “Sabz” and “Medical” restaurants for a week. Based on
training needs of the samples, teaching methods and programs were implemented in the intervention
group for a month. The clients of both restaurants were followed 4 weeks after the intervention. The
food waste was weighed after 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and
statistical tests (Wilcoxon, Chi‑squared, McNemar, and Mann–Whitney tests).
RESULTS: The results obtained from Wilcoxon test showed that, the means of awareness, attitude,
and behavior were significantly improved after the intervention in the intervention and control
groups (P < 0.001). After the intervention, according to the number of served foods, it was expected
that the weight of food wastage to be 341.37 kg/week, but this figure was reduced to 224.98 kg/week
after the intervention.
CONCLUSIONS: This study has confirmed the effectiveness of implementation of interventions on
enhancement of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of people about consumption of food and amount
of wastage. The authors suggest that to investigate sustainability of effect of intervention on behavior
of food consumption and wastage production, this study could be implemented in different and longer
time intervals after the end of project.

Abstract BACKGROUND: A proper measurement instrument is selected based on the suggested use of
the instrument, the target concept of measurement, and features of measurement (e.g. internal
consistency, reproducibility, content and construct validity, responsiveness, and interpretability).
Concerning the design and features of measurement, there are not any adequately specific standards
for instrumentation to measure oral health literacy (OHL). The present study proposes a protocol
that attempts to fill this gap by introducing the psychometrics of a standard questionnaire which
measures OHL.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present research employs a methodological design and is carried
out in Tehran, with data collected through interviews that are held face to face. The data collection
procedure involves a review of the related literature, cognitive interviews, fuzzy Delphi Method, and
focal groups with participants with OHL work experience for item generation. The target participants
of this research are the Iranian adult population and experts working professionally in different
health domains. For qualitative data analysis, the content analysis strategy and in the instrument
Psychometrics COSMIN checklist will use.
CONCLUSIONS: Achievement of the present research  will be used to evaluate the capability of
the Iranian adult population in searching, processing, and deciding on healthcare services. This
instrument will focus on evaluating both clinical and nonclinical settings. The present research can
vastly improve our knowledge of the state of OHL in the Iranian adult population.

Abstract Introduction: Disease mapping includes a set of statistical techniques that provides maps based on estimates of diseases rates. Bayesian ones are the most important models in this field. They consider prior information on changes in the disease rates in overall map and spatial pattern of the disease. These include a broad range of models with their own formulation, characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. In the present study, we explain and compare three important and widely-used Bayesian models in the study of evaluating relative risk of suicide in Ilam province. Materials and Methods: In this applied-ecological research, suicide incidence in Ilam province in 2008 and 2009 was analyzed by use of Gamma-Poisson, Log-normal, and BYM Bayesian models. Models were fitted to data using WinBUGS software. Results: Fitting the three models showed that Darehshahr and Shirvan-Chrdavol had the highest and the lowest relative risk of suicide, respectively (relative risks based on Gamma-Poisson, Log-normal, and BYM models were 2.243, 2.275, and 2.279 for Dareshahr and 0.321, 0.321, and 0.319 for Shirvan-Chrdavol, respectively). Conclusion: Despite some differences in estimates, the ranks of relative risks in counties in all three models are the same. The counties based on the relative risks of suicide from the most to the least are: Darehshahr, Ilam, Dehloran, Eyvan, Abdanan, Mehran, Malekshahi, and Shirvan-Chrdavol.