Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: Mortality and disability rates were reported to be respectively 2‑3 and 5‑10 times
higher in C‑sections compared to Vaginal delivery.
OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to explore the factors involved in selecting the birth type among
primiparous women.
METHODS: The present cross‑sectional research was conducted on 220 primiparous women,
who visited the health‑care centers of Bandar Abbas. They were recruited in their first trimester of
pregnancy with a simple randomized clustering method. Data were collected in a researcher‑designed
questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and reliability was tested and approved
through the test–retest method. Mean, standard deviation, independent sample t‑test, and Chi‑squared
tests for data analysis were done by SPSS 16. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 27.40 ± 6.07 years. The main barriers to the choice
of vaginal delivery were the fear of pain and fear of vaginal area tears and ruptures, fear of injury to
fetus, and doctor’s recommendation. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the
age, education, employment, income, awareness, and the reasons for preferring surgical childbirth.
CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the rate of unnecessary cesarean sections (C‑section), the following
recommendations are suggested: Reducing fear of pain in expectant mothers, modifying wrong
beliefs about the culture of natural childbirth, increasing awareness of fewer adverse effects of
vaginal delivery including the vaginal tears if the mother abides by all midwife(s) instructions during
the delivery procedure, providing educational courses for the necessary movements during the
delivery, decreasing surgeons’ payment for C‑section, and increasing payment for natural childbirth
and implementing barriers for optional delivery to reduce the C‑section.

Abstract Advances in modern medicine are resulted from unrestricted and unlimited research
disregarding many essentials of a research including ethical issues. Following ethical issues,
many of unwanted pregnancies and abortions can be avoided. Several factors such as medical
issues including X linked disease, has encouraged couples to select traditional or modern
techniques in selecting the gender of their children. Some of these methods are corrected
Swim-up method or washing of spermatozoa, Percoll gradient sperm separation method, grass
wool column filter method method, albumin separation method, microsort method using FISH
(Fluorescence in situ hybridization), free electrophoresis method, Ph adjustment method, pre
implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)/fluorescence in situ hybridization. This technology is
confronted with many ethical issues. Ethical considerations PGD in the SEX SELECTION differ in
different religions and their perspectives on this issue. In this this review, electronic databases,
books and Internet sites were completely searched and full articles including required keywords
and techniques were obtained and reviewed. The rites and religions, were different and had
legal perspectives and opinions about PGD. In some non-Islamic countries there are strict rules
to control the use of technology. Some of these methods are costly and even risky. They also
involve ethical issues such as legitimacy of the conceived fetus; recommending final touches
in sex selection is still considered a taboo and a big issue in some cultures or mono-sexual
families. Islamic views and beliefs are more flexible and the use of these technologies are
allowed to preserve the health and lives permit. Islam strongly favors humanity and supports
different issues if they are not in conflict with the primary concept of legitimate reproduction
and are beneficial to human beings.