Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) crisis has changed many aspects of 
frontline nurses’ lives. Nurses caring for patients with COVID‑19 reported experiencing significant 
psychological distress and work‑related anxiety. This study aimed to assess the perceived stress 
and quality of life among frontline nurses fighting against COVID‑19.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This web‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted on 322 
frontline nurses fighting against COVID‑19 in hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical 
Sciences. Data were collected using the two following online questionnaires: the Perceived Stress 
Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief. Data were compiled from October 23, 
2020, to November 25, 2020. Data were analyzed using the independent sample t‑test, Pearson’s 
correlation test, and regression analysis test in the SPSS‑21.
RESULTS: Average perceived stress scores was 30.27 (standard deviation [SD] = 7.01). Average 
quality of life subscale scores consist of physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and 
environment were 57.71 (SD = 12.74), 44.3 (SD = 15.58), 45.61 (SD = 16.99), and 47.6 (SD = 18.11), 
respectively. There was an inverse significant association between all the subscales of quality of life 
and perceived stress (P = 0.008). Based on the multiple linear regression analysis, the variables 
of age, gender, marital status, and perceived stress were the significant predictors of quality of life 
subscales.
CONCLUSIONS: Paying serious attention to addressing the concerns of frontline nurses, especially 
those who are at high risk, is necessary. It is recommended to take action as soon as possible to 
reduce the perceived stress and improve quality of life on nurses who care for patients with COVID‑19.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Academic procrastination is a complex phenomenon and a common behavior among
nursing students. Due to procrastinating behaviors, students cannot show their real performances in
learning processes. In order to stop this behavior, it is crucial to know the most common causes of
procrastination in the first place. The aim of this study was to identify a variety of different possible
factors influencing academic procrastination among nursing students.
MATERIALS AND METHOD: A qualitative study method with the content analysis approach was
conducted from October 2019 to March 2020. Participants were 67 nursing students and 8 nursing
educators from 3 nursing schools in Iran. Face‑to‑face semi‑structured interviews and focus group
discussions were used for data gathering. An inductive approach to content analysis was used for
data analysis.
RESULTS: Five categories and 24 subcategories emerged from the data analysis: “student‑related
factors,” “educator‑related factor,” “assignment characteristic‑related factors,” “institution‑related
factors,” and “nursing work‑related factors.”
CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that nursing students’ academic procrastination can
have a wide range of causes and a comprehensive effort is needed to address the problems. The
result of our study will be useful to nursing students, educators, and nursing administrators in relation
to what constitutes nursing students’ academic procrastination, as well as how nursing education
can play an effective role in decreasing tendency to procrastination.

Abstract Discourse analysis (DA) is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry and becoming an increasingly popular
research strategy for researchers in various disciplines which has been little employed by health‑care
researchers. The methodology involves a focus on the sociocultural and political context in which
text and talk occur. DA adds a linguistic approach to an understanding of the relationship between
language and ideology, exploring the way in which theories of reality and relations of power are
encoded in such aspects as the syntax, style, and rhetorical devices used in texts. DA is a useful and
productive qualitative methodology but has been underutilized within health‑care system research.
Without a clear understanding of discourse theory and DA it is difficult to comprehend important
research findings and impossible to use DA as a research strategy. To redress this deficiency, in
this article, represents an introduction to concepts of discourse and DA, DA history, Philosophical
background, DA types and analysis strategy. Finally, we discuss how affect to the ideological
dimension of such phenomena discourse in health‑care system, health beliefs and intra‑disciplinary
relationship in health‑care system.