Journal of Education and Health Promotion

The effect of training program of health promotion behaviors on geriatric general health components

. Gholamreza Kheirabadi; . Mehrnoosh Shirani; . Mahrokh Keshvari; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Mahboobe Bahrami

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Increasing in elderly’s population and their individual and social problems especiallymental health problem in this group need special attention. The aim of this study ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Increasing in elderly’s population and their individual and social problems especiallymental health problem in this group need special attention. The aim of this study was evaluationof health promotion behaviors training program efficacy on general health components in elderliesreferring to health centers in Isfahan city.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a tri phasic field trial in 2014 in which 72 elderliesallocated randomly in two case and control groups. Case group participated in 9 training sessions onstress management and interpersonal relationships and the control group participated in 2 sessionswith a neutral discussion content. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaireand general health questionnaire 28. Pretest, posttest, and 2‑month follow‑up were performed intwo groups. Data were analyzed by t‑test, analysis of variance with repeated measurement, leastsignificant difference post hoc test, and SPSS 20 software.RESULTS: Findings of this study showed that the average of general health score in case andcontrol groups had not significant difference before the intervention (P > 0.05). However, the meandifference of general health score after intervention and 2‑month follow‑up was statistically significantin two groups (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that interpersonal relationship and stress management trainingprogram are effective on promotion of mental health in elderlies. Hence, the findings of this studycan be used in the field of treatment and care of the elderly by other health‑care categories.

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Effect of educational intervention on promoting self‑care in hemodialysis patients: Applying the self‑efficacy theory

. Tahereh Ramezani; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Fatemeh Rajati; . Mojgan Rajati; . Siamak Mohebi

Volume 9, Issue 3 , March 2019, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients experience many issues in self‑care behavior. Patientsrequire to control of manage the issue to improve the self‑care. Educational intervention ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients experience many issues in self‑care behavior. Patientsrequire to control of manage the issue to improve the self‑care. Educational intervention to behaviorchange can be effective on self‑care behavior. This study was conducted to investigate the effect ofan educational intervention, based on the self‑Efficacy theory on promoting self‑care in hemodialysispatients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy hemodialysis patients recruited in this study and dividedrandomly into intervention group (n = 35) and control group (n = 35) with convenience sampling in2016 from Qom city, Iran. Data were collected before and 3 months after education using demographicquestionnaire, self‑efficacy, a valid researcher‑made questionnaire regarding to awareness andself‑care. The educational intervention was performed for the intervention group in 4 1‑h sessionsover 2 months. The data were analyzed through Paired t‑test, Independent t‑test, Chi‑square, andMann–Whitney at the significant level of 0.05.RESULTS: While variables in two groups did not show significant difference before education (P > 0.05),a significant increase was observed in variables of self‑efficacy (P < 0.001), awareness (P < 0.001),and self‑care dimensions (P < 0.05) between two groups after 3 months education.CONCLUSION: The results of this research suggested that employing educational programs basedon the self‑efficacy theory can lead to the improvement of the self‑care behaviors in hemodialysispatients.

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The effect of team‑based learning on public health students’ educational outcomes

. Fatemeh Rajati; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Maryam Babakhani; . Siamak Mohebi

Volume 8, Issue 11 , November 2018, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The educational environment has been confirmed as crucial factor for activelearning. Team‑based learning (TBL) is an interactive teaching method which improves students’perceptions ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The educational environment has been confirmed as crucial factor for activelearning. Team‑based learning (TBL) is an interactive teaching method which improves students’perceptions and performance.OBJECTIVES: The comparison of the team‑based learning method through lecture‑based approachon health education curriculum in public health studentsMETHODS: A quasi‑experimental study was conducted among 23 public health students of bachelordegree and 14 public health students of associate degree to teach communication and HealthEducation in Qom University of Medical Sciences from January 2015 to Jun 2016. Students ofbachelor degree selected TBL and students of associate degree preferred the traditional lecture‑basedmethod. In the current study, educational outcomes were defined as educational environmentand academic performance. At the last session of the semester, the educational environment andacademic performance of both groups were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0using Chi‑square and Mann–Whitney test.RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation of individual test score between the two groups showedsignificant difference based on Mann–Whitney results (P = 0.036). The mean of final examination scorein TBL group was significantly higher than the traditional lecture group (P < 0.021, Mann–Whitney).Our findings showed that in TBL group, 78.3% of students’ perceptions were in very favorablecondition while it was only 28.6% for students of the traditional method.CONCLUSIONS: TBL method improves students’ perceptions about each area of educationalatmosphere and also provides opportunities to innovate which lead to active teamwork amonglearners, and it can effectively enhance students’ academic performance.

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Relationship between perceived social support and self‑care behavior in type 2 diabetics: A cross‑sectional study

. Siamak Mohebi; . Mahmoud Parham; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Zabihollah Gharlipour; . Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi; . Fatemeh Rajati

Volume 8, Issue 4 , April 2018, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Social support is one of the most effective factors on the diabetic self‑care. Thisstudy aimed to assess social support and its relationship to self‑care in type 2 diabetic ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Social support is one of the most effective factors on the diabetic self‑care. Thisstudy aimed to assess social support and its relationship to self‑care in type 2 diabetic patients inQom, Iran.STUDY DESIGN: A cross‑sectional study was conducted on 325 diabetics attending the DiabetesMellitus Association.METHODS: Patients who meet inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected using random samplingmethod. Data were collected by the Summary of Diabetes Self‑Care Activities and MultidimensionalScale of Perceived Social Support, with hemoglobin A1C test. Data were analyzed using descriptivestatistics and independent t‑test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and linear regressiontest, using 0.05 as the critical significance level, provided by SPSS software.RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation of self‑care and social support scores were4.31 ± 2.7 and 50.32 ± 11.09, respectively. The mean level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) ofpatients was 7.54. There was a significant difference between mean score of self‑care behaviorsand social support according to gender and marital status (P < 0.05). The regression analysisshowed that disease duration was the only variable which had a significant effect on the levelof HbA1C (P < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that self‑care and social supportsignificantly correlated (r = 0.489, P > 0.001) and also predictive power of social support was 0.28.Self‑care was significantly better in diabetics with HbA1C ≤7%. Patients who had higher HbA1C feltless, but not significant, social support.CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated the relationship between social support and self‑care behaviorsin type 2 diabetic patients. Interventions that focus on improving the social support and self‑care ofdiabetic control may be more effective in improving glycemic control.

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Barriers to medication adherence in patients with hypertension: A qualitative study

. Arash Najimi; . Firoozeh Mostafavi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Parastoo Golshiri

Volume 8, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Barriers to medication adherence in patients with hypertension can have significantdifferences that made researchers confute to conclude that medication adherence is required ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Barriers to medication adherence in patients with hypertension can have significantdifferences that made researchers confute to conclude that medication adherence is required tobe more explored, and then, beneficial interventions develop to decrease these barriers. Thus, thecurrent study was aimed to identify barriers to adherence in Iranian society.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative content analysis was carried out. Participants were asfollow: Patients with hypertension who had clinic records in the health centers of Isfahan University ofMedical Science. Purposive sampling method was conducted and continued until data saturation, aswell. Semi‑structured interview was selected as the best‑qualified technique to select data. Data wereanalyzed using qualitative content, constant comparative analysis, and MAXQDA (Ver 10) software.RESULTS: After study and separation of basic concepts, 1620 basic codes were extracted frominterviews. Classes were made based on codes and after multiple reviews, summarizing as wellas similarity. Primary themes were identified using more explorations and comparison of classes.Based on the nature, the conceptual themes were named. These themes include (1) environmentalchallenges of life, (2) incompatibility of patients; (3) forget to take medicine, and (4) inefficientrecommendations of family.CONCLUSION: Findings revealed that barriers to patient adherence to the treatment had fourdimensions that may be likely useful for managers and planners in the health field to plan and interveneregarding medication adherence as the most critical preventing factor for patients with hypertension.

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Development and study of self‑efficacy scale in medication adherence among Iranian patients with hypertension

. Arash Najimi; . Firoozeh Mostafavi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Parastoo Golshiri

Volume 7, Issue 5 , September and October 2017, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at developing and studying the scale of self‑efficacy inadherence to treatment in Iranian patients with hypertension.METHODS: A mix‑method study ...  Read More BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at developing and studying the scale of self‑efficacy inadherence to treatment in Iranian patients with hypertension.METHODS: A mix‑method study was conducted on the two stages: in the first phase, a qualitativestudy was done using content analysis through deep and semi‑structured interviews. After dataanalysis, the draft of tool was prepared. Items in the draft were selected based on the extractedconcepts. In the second phase, validity and reliability of the instrument were implemented using aquantitative study. The prepared instrument in the first phase was studied among 612 participants. Totest the construct validity and internal consistency, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alphawere used, respectively. To study the validity of the final scale, the average score of self‑efficacy inpatients with controlled hypertension were compared with patients with uncontrolled hypertension.RESULTS: In overall, 16 patients were interviewed. Twenty‑six items were developed to assessdifferent concepts of self‑efficacy. Concept‑related items were extracted from interviews to studythe face validity of the tool from patient’s point of view. Four items were deleted because scored0.79 in content validity. The mean of questionnaire content validity was 0.85. Items were collectedin two factors with an eigenvalue >1. Four items were deleted with load factor <0.4. Reliability was0.84 for the entire instrument.CONCLUSION: Self‑efficacy scale in patients with hypertension is a valid and reliable instrument thatcan effectively evaluate the self‑efficacy in medication adherence in the management of hypertension.

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The effect of educational intervention on health promoting lifestyle: Focusing on middle‑aged women

. Nosaybeh Mahdipour; . Hossein Shahnazi; . Akbar Hassanzadeh; . Gholamreza Sharifirad

Volume 5, Issue 4 , August 2015, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Lifestyle affects people’s health and life length, however, no sufficient studieshave been done on the effect of lifestyle on middle‑ageing, as the transitional ...  Read More Background: Lifestyle affects people’s health and life length, however, no sufficient studieshave been done on the effect of lifestyle on middle‑ageing, as the transitional period fromadulthood to old‑ageing, this study has been conducted to study the effect of educationalintervention on health promoting lifestyle of middle‑aged women in Lenjan city of IsfahanProvince, Iran. Methods: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 88 middle‑agedwomen were selected through randomized sampling from two health centers in Lenjan, andthen were categorized into experimental and control groups. To collect data, a researcher‑madedemographic and life style questionnaire was used. The educational intervention was performedin five sessions. Data were collected from both groups in two stages: Before the interventionand 3 months after the education. Data were analyzed with using SPSS‑20 and P < 0.05 wereconsidered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that educational program had apositive significant effect on increasing the mean scores in the intervention group, consideringthe physical activity, mental health, and interpersonal relationship, P < 0.001. However, regardingthe nutrition, the mean increase was not significant (P = 0.113). Conclusion: According to thefindings, it is evident that educational intervention is beneficial for various aspects of middle‑agedwomen’s lifestyle. Therefore, applying a healthy lifestyle seems essential for having a healthyaging period, and educational intervention can be effective.

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The relationship between blood pressure and the structures of Pender’s health promotion model in rural hypertensive patients

. Aziz Kamran; . Leila Azadbakht; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Behzad Mahaki; . Siamak Mohebi

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Introduction and Objective: Perception is the most important predictor of behavior andthere is a strong relation and correlation between behavior and believes. Thus, to improveself‑care ...  Read More Introduction and Objective: Perception is the most important predictor of behavior andthere is a strong relation and correlation between behavior and believes. Thus, to improveself‑care behaviors of patients, it is required to fully understand their perceptions aboutbehavior. This paper aimed to assess the prediction power of health promotion modelof systolic blood pressure (SBP) as the result of self‑care behavior in rural hypertensive.Methods: This cross‑sectional study has been carried out through random multistagesampling on 671 rural patients under the coverage of health center of Ardebil city in2013. Data were collected through reliable and valid questionnaire based on the healthpromotion model in eight sectors. For data analysis, Pearson correlation statisticaltests, multivariate linear regression, ANOVA and independent t‑test were used and forconfirmatory factor analysis, SPSS 18 and AMOS 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) wereused. Results: The results showed significant negative correlation between self‑efficacy,perceived benefits, situational influences, affects related to behavior and commitment toaction structures with SBP and showed a positive significant correlation between perceivedbarriers and SBP. Furthermore, age and body mass had direct significant relation with SBP.The age of patients showed inverse significant correlation with self‑efficacy, perceivedbenefits, affects related to behavior, interpersonal influences and commitment and showeda direct significant correlation with perceived barriers, means that by increase of age,the perceived barriers also increased. The structures of health promotion model havein overall the prediction power of 71.4% of SBP changes. Conclusion: The diet perceptions of patients, the same as healthpromotion model, has good predictive power of SBP, especially the structuresof perceived benefits and self‑efficacy have inverse meaningful relation withsystole blood pressure and predicted a higher percentage of this variable.

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The impact of education intervention on the Health Belief Model constructs regarding anxiety of nulliparous pregnant women

. Hossein Shahnazi; . Sahar Sabooteh; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Kamal Mirkarimi; . Akbar Hassanzadeh

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Background: According to investigations, pregnant women hypothesized that anxiety is acommon factor that will improve spontaneously; they are not aware of its side effects on the fetus,baby, ...  Read More Background: According to investigations, pregnant women hypothesized that anxiety is acommon factor that will improve spontaneously; they are not aware of its side effects on the fetus,baby, and pregnancy outcome, as a whole. Other studies have also not tried to design a theoreticalframework based on Health Education Models (HBMs) to overcome this problem. The currentstudy aimed at exploring the effectiveness of education on the anxiety of nulliparous women basedon a HBM. Materials and Methods: An experimental study on 88 eligible nulliparous women(n = 44 per group), from Doroud city, was performed in 2012. The data was collected using aresearcher made questionnaire. Education was conducted in three sessions tailored with HBMconstructs with the help of lectures, group discussions, inquiries, Power Point presentations,and booklets. Evaluation performed using a posttest four and eight weeks after last session. Thecollected data were analyzed using statistical tests, including Chi-square, independent t-test, andrepeated measure Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by the significance level of 0.05. Results: Themean score of knowledge, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits andbarriers, cues to action, self efficacy, and behavior, four weeks after intervention (P < 0.001) andeight weeks after intervention (P < 0.001) were significantly more in the case group Than thecontrol group. ANOVA with repeated measures showed a significant increase in the case groupin knowledge (from 32.1 to 89.1), perceived sensitivity (from 34.8 to 91.5), perceived severity(from 31.82 to 88.48), perceived benefits (from 39.28 to 92.41), perceived barriers (from 26.93 to88.61), cues to action (from24.65 to 92.03), self efficacy (from 29.71 to 88.75), and behavior (from28.83 to 94.63). Changes were not significant in the control group. Conclusion: The effect of HBMand education on increasing knowledge and changing people’s beliefs and behavior, in termsof anxiety based pregnancy, should make health planners and authorities pay more attention tothese issues. Moreover, it will help in the betterment of the health of mothers and babies.

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An empowering approach to promote the quality of life and self-management among type 2 diabetic patients

. Azar Tol; . Fatemeh Alhani; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Nahid Moazam

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Type 2 diabetes is one of the most serious health concerns and policy agendas around theworld. Epidemiological evidence suggests that it will likely continue to increase globally.Diabetes ...  Read More Type 2 diabetes is one of the most serious health concerns and policy agendas around theworld. Epidemiological evidence suggests that it will likely continue to increase globally.Diabetes is strongly associated with the patients’ unhealthy lifestyle and behavioral patternsand socio-economic changes. New model of thinking is required to recognize whether thepatients are in control of and responsible for the daily self-management of diabetes. Such anew approach should be based on ‘empowerment and involvement’ to be more applicableto daily activities in diabetic patients. Rapid changes toward patient empowerment andincreasing involvement of patients in their care plan indicate more emphasis on diseaseprevention and health promotion and education than on mere disease and its treatment.Such changes make a step toward pervasive sense of responsibility among patientsabout their illness for their daily activities. Using the empowerment approach, healthcareprofessionals would help patients make informed decisions in accordance with their particularcircumstances. Patient empowerment implies a patient-centered, collaborative approachthat helps patients determine and develop the inherent capacity to be responsible for theirown life. Empowerment is something more than certain health behaviors. Empowermentis more than an intervention, technique or strategy. It is rather a vision that helps peoplechange their behavior and make decisions about their health care. It has the potential toimprove the overall health and well-being of individuals and communities, and to changethe socio-environmental factors that cause poor health conditions. The main concept of thischange is the tendency to change.

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Analysis of some predictive factors of quality of life among type 2 diabetic patients

. Azar Tol; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Ahmadali Eslami; . Davoud Shojaeizadeh; . Fatemeh Alhani; . Mohamadreza Mohajeri Tehrani

Volume 5, Issue 1 , February 2015, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Introduction: Considering the chronic nature of diabetes and its significant effect onquality of life of patients, the present study was conducted to evaluate predictors ofquality of ...  Read More Introduction: Considering the chronic nature of diabetes and its significant effect onquality of life of patients, the present study was conducted to evaluate predictors ofquality of life in these patients in order to facilitate planning health promotion interventionprograms. Materials and Methods: The present study was designed as a cross-sectionalstudy on 140 type 2 diabetic patients of Om-ol-Banin Diabetes Center of Isfahan. Datacollection tool was a multidimensional questionnaire including demographic and diseaserelated data (12 items), the standard scale for diabetes distress (17 items), the standardscale for self-efficacy in diabetic patients (8 items), and standard scale for specificquality of life of diabetic patients (15 items). Collected data were evaluated by SPSSversion 11.5 using the Chi-square test, Independent T-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlationand multivariate regression analysis. Results: Results showed that the quality of life ofdiabetic patients had a statistically significant correlation with diabetes distress variable(P < 0.001) and self-efficacy variable (P < 0.001). In this study R2 (predictive power) was0.66. Multivariate regression model indicated diabetes distress (b = -0.277, P = 0.01) andself-efficacy (b = -0.161, P < 0.001) as variables influencing adjusted self-management forother variables. Conclusion: The result of the present study urges that in planning healthpromotion interventions in the field of diabetes, more attention be paid to self-efficacyand diabetes distress variables in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of theinterventions carried out.

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Barriers related to fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer screening in moderate risk individuals

. Seyed Homamodin Javadzade; . Mahnoush Reisi; . Firouze Mostafavi; . Akabar Babaei Heydarabadi; . Elahe Tavassoli; . Gholamreza Sharifirad

Volume 4, Issue 5 , November 2014, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Introduction and Objective: Colorectal cancer is one of the most important and most commoncancer and second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Through secondary prevention ofthis ...  Read More Introduction and Objective: Colorectal cancer is one of the most important and most commoncancer and second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Through secondary prevention ofthis cancer, effective proactive measures would be taken to treat and to prevent the incidence of thedisease. The fecal occult blood test(FOBT) has priority over other methods and is recommended foradults above 50 years. This study was carried out to assess perceived barriers related to participatingin colorectal cancer screening programs among average risk population, based on health beliefmodel. Materials and Methods: A cross‑sectional survey of 196 individuals of more than 50 yearswas conducted in Isfahan. The target group consisted of people going to laboratories for doingFOBT test(n = 98), and those who refrained from going to laboratories (n = 98). The questionnairewas used based on barrier assessment question associated with performing fecal occult bloodtest. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics methods. Results:The mean score of perceived barriers in the first group was 40.9 and in other group was 56.54,with significant difference statistically (P < 0.001). Lack of information, fear of cancer diagnosis,lack of recommendation by doctors, and not setting the priority of time for doing the test weresome of barriers reported by the nongoing group. Discussion and Conclusion: According tothis study, it seems that there is an urgent need to more information to be provided for the publicabout colorectal cancer and its prevention through screening, as important step to increase therate of early detection and curb the mortality rate, costs, and improve community health outcomes.

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The relationship between functional health literacy and health promoting behaviors among older adults

. Mahnoush Reisi; . Seyed Homamodin Javadzade; . Akbar Babaei Heydarabadi; . Firouzeh Mostafavi; . Elahe Tavassoli; . Gholamreza Sharifirad

Volume 4, Issue 5 , November 2014, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Health literacy is a measure of individual’s ability to read, comprehend, and acton medical instructions. Older adults are one of the most important at risk groups ...  Read More Background: Health literacy is a measure of individual’s ability to read, comprehend, and acton medical instructions. Older adults are one of the most important at risk groups affectedby the impact of inadequate health literacy. Health promoting behaviors in older adults havepotential impact on their health and quality of life and reduce the costs incurred to health care.Given the paucity of information health literacy and health promoting behavior, the purposeof this study was to examine health literacy level in older adults and the relationship betweenhealth literacy and health promoting behaviors. Materials and Method: A cross‑sectional surveyof 354 older adults was conducted in Isfahan. The method of sampling was clustering. Healthliteracy was measured using the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA). Datawere collected via home interviewing. Health promoting behaviors were measured based onself‑reported smoking status, exercise, and consumption of fruit and vegetables. The collecteddata were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one‑way ANOVA and χ2 tests under SPSS18 software. Results: The sample group averaged 67 ± 6.97 years in age. Approximately 79.6%of adults were found to have inadequate health literacy. They tended to be older, have feweryears of schooling, lower household income, and being female Individuals with inadequatehealth literacy were more likely to report limitations in activity and lower consumption of fruitand vegetables (P < 0.001). No significant association was found between health literacyand smoking status. Conclusion: Considering high prevalence of inadequate health literacyamong older adults, and its inverse relationship with some health promoting behaviors. Simpleeducational materials and effective interventions for low health literacy people can improvehealth promotion in society and mitigate the adverse health effects of low health literacy.

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Checking the determinants of physical activity based on the theory of planned behavior in the housewives

. Fatemeh Saber; . Hossein Shanazi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Akbar Hasanzadeh

Volume 4, Issue 4 , August 2014, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background: Sedentary life has been recognized as a serious problem in today’sIranian society. Promoting the lifestyle with increased physical activity and prevention ofcardiovascular ...  Read More Background: Sedentary life has been recognized as a serious problem in today’sIranian society. Promoting the lifestyle with increased physical activity and prevention ofcardiovascular disease (CVD) is imperative. The purpose of this study was identifying thedeterminants of physical activity in the housewives of Nain city in 2012 based on the theoryof planned behavior. Materials and Methods: In this cross‑sectional study, 120 housewiveswere selected by simple random sampling method. Data collection tool was a questionnairedesigned based on a standardized and fabricated questionnaire and consisted of four parts.The questionnaire included awareness variables, theory of structures, planned behavior,and physical activity. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 18and associated statistical tests. Findings: The 120 housewives under study had a meanage of 34.58 ± 6.86 years. The mean scores of awareness, attitude, motivation to perform,subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control variables were 74.1 ± 18.5, 82.6 ± 12.1,59.4 ± 21.7, 63.2 ± 21.2, and 48.1 ± 12.9 respectively. There was a significant relationshipbetween the motivation for physical activity among women and knowledge (P = 0.02)attitude (P = 0.04) subjective norms (P = 0.002) perceived behavioral control (P = 0.001),and physical activity (P = 0.04). Conclusions: It seems that the housewives, despite beingaware of and having a positive attitude on the benefits of physical activity, had a poorlifestyle. Perhaps further studies can help in finding the causes of this issue and the barriersto physical activity such as the conditions and plan for greater measures for improvingphysical activity, in order to promote women’s health which has a significant role in familyand community health.

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Psychometric testing of an instrument designed to measure nutritional perceptions of hypertensive patients

. Aziz Kamran; . Leila Azadbakht; . Behzad Mahaki; . Gholamreza Sharifirad

Volume 4, Issue 4 , August 2014, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Introduction: Measurement tools designed to ensure the achievements of studies’ objectivesmust be evaluated. Based on the health promotion model (HPM), the present study wasconducted ...  Read More Introduction: Measurement tools designed to ensure the achievements of studies’ objectivesmust be evaluated. Based on the health promotion model (HPM), the present study wasconducted to assess the validity and reliability of the designed questionnaire of hypertensivepatients’ nutritional perceptions. Methodology: In a cross‑sectional study, the mentionedquestionnaire was assessed based on opinions of 11 experienced faculty members and671 hypertensive patients in rural areas in the year 2013. To evaluate the reliability, internalconsistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was calculated. Concerning the validity of the questionnaire,its content and construct validity were examined. Data analysis was performed usingStatistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).Results: Spearman‑Brown and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients results were acceptable in allconstructs indicating a satisfactory reliability of the questionnaire. Questionnaire’s questionswere highly correlated with the total score signifying the internal consistency of the questions;therefore, all questions had a similar effect on the total score and the removal of each did noincrease the alpha significantly (all questions had acceptable reliability). Factor analyses showedthat all questions had acceptable factor loading and suitable validity. Moreover, the entireconstructs of the questionnaire were approved by experts with high validity coefficient of 0.9.Conclusion: The designed questionnaire for assessment of the HPM constructs regardinghypertensive patients’ nutritional issues had appropriate psychometric characteristics. Reliabilityand validity of the questionnaire were also satisfactory and its overall structure was approved.

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A survey on health literacy of inpatient’s educational hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012

. Hamideh Mollakhalili; . Ahmad Papi; . Firoozeh Zare- Farashbandi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Akbar HasanZadeh

Volume 4, Issue 3 , June 2014, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background: Health literacy is an individual’s need in each Society. Health literacy is aset of skills in reading, listening, analysis, decision making and the ability to apply ...  Read More Background: Health literacy is an individual’s need in each Society. Health literacy is aset of skills in reading, listening, analysis, decision making and the ability to apply theseskills to health situations. The purpose of this study was to assess health literacy levelin Inpatients of educational Hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2012.Materials and Methods: A navigational and analytical- applied survey of 384 Inpatients wasconducted in educational hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Health literacywas measured by the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA). Reliability ofQuestionnaire was obtained through Cronbach’s alpha and it was 0/89 and its validity wasconfirmed by experts. The data were collected in clinical inquiry and were analyzed usingSPSS (as Descriptive was Frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation and as analyticalwas Independent T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test and Spearman correlation test).Findings: Results showed that the average of Health literacy scores in Inpatients was 35/31in Numeracy test and 31/94 in Reading Comprehension test. The mean total score of healthliteracy was 29/63. Thus, the Most of these Inpatients were found to have inadequate healthliteracy. No significant association was found between health literacy level and gender, income,Occupation and residence. Health literacy was associated with age, marriage status andeducation. Conclusion: The results showed that most of Inpatients in of educational Hospitals ofIsfahan University of Medical Sciences were marginal and inadequate health literacy. Therefore,they need to more help and details to understand and use health information.

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The effects of breast cancer educational intervention on knowledge and health beliefs of women 40 years and older, Isfahan, Iran

. Mohsen Rezaeian; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Firoozeh Mostafavi; . Mitra Moodi; . Mohammad Hadi Abbasi

Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Introduction: Breast cancer is an international health problem in the world over.Mammography screening behavior has critical role in early detection and decreasing ofits mortality. ...  Read More Introduction: Breast cancer is an international health problem in the world over.Mammography screening behavior has critical role in early detection and decreasing ofits mortality. Educational programs play an important role in promoting breast cancerscreening behaviors and women health. Health belief models (HBM) is the most commonmodels that have been applied in Mammography screening behaviors. The aim of thisstudy was to determine the effect of breast cancer screening education using HBM onknowledge and health beliefs in 40 years women and older. Materials and Methods: In thisPopulation‑based controlled trial, 290 women of 40 years and older were divided randomlyinto experimental and control groups. Health beliefs determined using the Persian versionof Champion’s health belief model scale (CHBMS). Questionnaires were completed beforeand 4 weeks after intervention. Four educational sessions were conducted each sessionlasting 90 min by lecturing, group discussion, showing slide and educational film basedon HBM constructs. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS (version 18) and statisticaltest at the significant level of a = 0.05. Results: Mean scores of perceived susceptibility,perceived severity, perceived benefits, barriers and self‑efficacy of mammography andhealth motivation in the experimental group had significant differences in comparisonwith the control group after educational intervention (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The resultsof this study have confirmed the efficiency of educational intervention based on HBMin increasing of knowledge and health beliefs about breast cancer and mammographyscreening behavior. Hence, implementing appropriate educational programs with focuson benefits of Mammography in early detection of breast cancer and creating positivemotivation for health among women, can increase their practice of having mammographyscreening.

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Job satisfaction survey among health centers staff

. Hossein Shahnazi; . Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali; . Gholamreza Sharifirad

Volume 4, Issue 2 , May 2014, , Pages 1-4

Abstract

  Background: Due to the importance of health care organizations with significantresponsibility for prevention and care, assessment of job satisfaction among health carestaff is essential. ...  Read More Background: Due to the importance of health care organizations with significantresponsibility for prevention and care, assessment of job satisfaction among health carestaff is essential. Quality of health services will be decreased provided they are not satisfied.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross‑sectional analysis of health care staff inKhomeinishahr (centers, buildings, and networks) If they had at least 6 months work experience,they could enter the study. Data included a two‑part questionnaire with a standardizedquestionnaire, demographic variables, and Smith job descriptive index, which is a questionnairewith six domains. Reliability was obtained for each domain and its validity was reported 0.93.Findings: The results showed an overall satisfaction score averages 43.55 ± 12.8 (from 100). Jobsatisfaction score was not significantly different between the sexes. However, within the currentattitude toward job satisfaction, men scores was better than women (P = 0.001). Highest scorein job satisfaction was related to relationships with colleagues and lowest score was related tothe income, benefits, and job promotion.The more the years of work, the less the job satisfactionwas. The attitude toward the current job had a direct relationship with income (P = 0.01). Therewas a significant inverse relationship between educational level and job satisfaction in domainspromotion, income, and benefits (P = 0.01). The staff with higher education levels was lesssatisfied with income and job promotion qualification. Conclusion: Managers should focus onjob qualification to increase job satisfaction and improve the quality of work.

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Physical activity patterns and its influencing factors among high school students of Izeh city: Application of some constructs of health belief model

. Arash Salahshuri; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Akbar Hassanzadeh; . Firoozeh Mostafavi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , February 2014, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Purpose: This study has been conducted to identify the roles of self-efficacy, benefits of andbarriers to physical activity, and its relationship with physical activity in male and ...  Read More Purpose: This study has been conducted to identify the roles of self-efficacy, benefits of andbarriers to physical activity, and its relationship with physical activity in male and female highschool students in the city of Izeh, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptiveanalytical study, 500 students (200 boys and 300 girls) from high schools of Izeh city during theperiod 2011-2012 were chosen using the multistage random sampling method. The data for thisstudy was acquired through a multisectional questionnaire that included sections as follows:Demographic characteristics, self-efficacy, and perceived benefits and barriers. The gathereddata was then studied and analyzed. Statistical tests such as independent t-tests, Spearman’scorrelation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to interpret andanalyze the data. Results: Data analysis showed that the mean age of male participants was15.67 ± 0.95 years and females 15.86 ± 1.16 years. The average weekly time of physical activityin male students was 424.74 ± 158.48 min and in females 186.63 ± 90.59 min. The mean scoresfor self-efficacy and perceived benefits of physical activity were significantly higher in boys ascompared to girls. There was a positive and significant correlation between the mean scores forperceived self-efficacy and the weekly time in male students spent on physical activity as well as themean scores for perceived benefits and the weekly time spent on physical activity in both genders.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that many factors influence students’ physicalactivity; however, the role of these factors is not identical in the two genders. An understandingof these factors helps educationalists and other health experts design appropriate interventions.

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Factors affecting cigarette smoking based on health-belief model structures in pre-university students in Isfahan, Iran

. Mahnoush Reisi; . Seyed Homamodin Javadzade; . Hossein Shahnazi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Abdolrahman Charkazi; . Mitra Moodi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , February 2014, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Introduction: The goal of this study was to determine the association between constructs ofthe Health Belief Model (HBM) (i.e., perceived susceptibility to health-related problems due ...  Read More Introduction: The goal of this study was to determine the association between constructs ofthe Health Belief Model (HBM) (i.e., perceived susceptibility to health-related problems due tosmoking, perceived barriers to non-smoking, perceived benefits of non-smoking, perceivedself-efficacy to non-smoking, and cues to action of non-smoking) and cigarette smokingamong male pre-college students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 382pre-college students was conducted in Isfahan, in 2010. The method of sampling was systematicrandomized and students were selected from eight schools. The instrument was developed bythe researchers based on the Health Belief Model. Statistical analyses were carried out usingSPSS.V.18, Chi-square, and independent t-tests. Results: The mean age of the students was17.72 ± 0.62 years. Overall 7.2% of the subjects reported having smoked in the past 30 daysand 32.7% % of the samples reported ever having smoked in their life time. Results of the t-testshowed that there were significant differences in knowledge, perceived susceptibility (P =0.03),benefits (t (246) = −2.51, P =0.01), self-efficacy (P < 0.001), and cues to action (P = 0.007),between smokers and non-smokers Conclusion: These results suggested that the constructs ofHBM can be incorporated when examining the predictors of cigarette smoking and developingsmoking prevention programs among pre-college students. Furthermore, with a betterunderstanding of the factors affecting this complex behavior (cigarette smoking), it can be auseful step to reduce the rate of death, costs, and also improve the community health outcomes.

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Predicting of perceived self efficacy in the amount of macronutrients intake in women with metabolic syndrome - 2012

. Siamak Mohebi; . Leila Azadbakht; . Avat Feizi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Mohammad Hozori

Volume 4, Issue 1 , February 2014, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a collection of metabolic disorders, which can increase themortality rates from 20% to 80%. One of strategies to control the disease is the attention ...  Read More Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a collection of metabolic disorders, which can increase themortality rates from 20% to 80%. One of strategies to control the disease is the attention to thedietary habits. Compliance with proper diet is one of the major challenges in the managementof this syndrome. Due to this fact, that the patient is responsible for the adjustment of thedaily diet, it is important to identify the factors affecting the adoption of nutritional self-care.Besides, self-efficacy is considered as an important pre-requisite for this behavior because itacts as an independent part of the basic skills. This study was carried out with the purpose ofdetermining the predictive role of perceived self-efficacy on macronutrients intake in womenwith metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study with correlationalnature in 2012, there were 329 patients with the metabolic syndrome. The patients were coveredby Isfahan oil industry medical centers and selected by a systematic method. In order to gatherinformation on perceived self-efficacy, the questionnaires constructed by the researchers wereused and the validity and reliability had been confirmed by the calculation of content validityindexand content validity ratio values and the indices of internal consistency and stability of thetool. The 24-h dietary recall questionnaire was also used for 3 days in order to investigate thenutritional behavior. The obtained data from the dietary recall questionnaire were analyzed bythe N4 nutritional software. In this study, AMOS software version 16 was used for the structuralmodel fitting by using the generalized least squares method besides the SPSS statisticalsoftware version 16. Results: These averages obtained from the results: 2512.37 kcal energyintake, 70.95 g protein, 420 g carbohydrates and 61.61 g of fat per day. The mean of perceivedself-efficacy score was 47.89. The Pearson correlation coefficient was indicated a significantinverse relationship between the perceived self-efficacy and intake of macronutrients in themetabolic syndrome. The most direct effect of the coefficient of perceived self-efficacy wasobserved on fat and carbohydrate intake (P < 0.05 and β = −0.592) and (P < 0.05 and β =−0.395). Conclusions: The amount of energy,carbohydrate, fat and protein were more thanthe recommended dietary allowances levelsand the amount of self-efficacy was moderate.The present study showed that perceivedself-efficacy provided a useful framework tounderstand and predict adherence to dietaryself-care behaviors in patients with metabolicsyndrome.

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An assessment of the role of perceived benefits, barriers and self-efficacy in predicting dietary behavior in male and female high school students in the city of Izeh, Iran

. Arash Salahshoori; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Akbar Hassanzadeh; . Firoozeh Mostafavi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , February 2014, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Introduction: Paying attention to improving the nutritional status of adolescents can be one of themost effective fundamental measures for preventing chronic diseases, particularly ...  Read More Introduction: Paying attention to improving the nutritional status of adolescents can be one of themost effective fundamental measures for preventing chronic diseases, particularly cardiovasculardiseases in later life. Identifying the predicting elements in different behaviors is one of the mosteffective ways that can be considered in prevention programs in different communities, particularlyin developing countries. The purpose of was to determine the perceived efficacy, benefits andbarriers related to a healthy nutrition pattern and the relation of these variables with a healthy diet inmale and female high school students in Izeh city. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectionaldescriptive and analytic study conducted throughout high schools in Izeh City, the subjects were500 students (300 girls and 200 boys) from the 1390-91 school years who were selected throughthe multistage random sampling method; the acquired data was then studied and analyzed. Thedata for this study was gathered through a multi-sectional questionnaire (that included demographiccharacteristics, self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers). The Independent t-test, Spearman’sCorrelation, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient and Linear Regression were used to interpret andanalyze the data. Results: Data analysis showed that the mean age of male participants was15.67 ± 0.95 years and females 15.86 ± 1.16 years. The mean score for healthy eating patternsin male students was 46.83 ± 14.86 and in female students 44.20 ± 14.16 respectively. The meanscore for perceived benefits of healthy eating in girls was significantly higher than that in boys. Therewas a direct meaningful relationship between the mean score of benefits and perceived self-efficacywith the healthy eating behaviors in the two sexes, (P < 0.001). The results of the multiple linearregression analysis revealed that the most important predictive factors in the students’ healthyeating behavior are self-efficacy and perceived benefits respectively and that perceived barriersis not an influencing predictor in healthy eating patterns. Conclusion: The results of this studyshowed that many factors influence students’ diet pattern and undeniably the role of these factorsare not alike in the two sexes. The results also showed that perceived self-efficacy and benefitsof healthy nutrition strengthens healthy eatingbehavior in students and thus these factorsshould be considered by health authorities inthe country in any future programming.

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Determination of preventive behaviors for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 based on protection motivation theory among female high school students in Isfahan, Iran

. Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Parastoo Yarmohammadi; . Mohammad Ali Morowati Sharifabad2; . Zohreh Rahaei

Volume 4, Issue 1 , February 2014, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Introduction: Influenza A/H1N1 pandemic has recently threatened the health of world’s populationmore than ever. Non-pharmaceutical measures are important to prevent the spread ...  Read More Introduction: Influenza A/H1N1 pandemic has recently threatened the health of world’s populationmore than ever. Non-pharmaceutical measures are important to prevent the spread of influenza A/H1N1 and to prevent a pandemic. Effective influenza pandemic management requires understandingof the factors influencing preventive behavioral. This study reports on predictors of students’preventive behaviors for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 using variables based on the protectionmotivation theory (PMT). Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, multiple-stagerandomized sampling was used to select 300 female students in Isfahan who completed aquestionnaire in December 2009. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire based onPMT. The statistical analysis of the data included bivariate correlations, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis,and linear regression. Results: The mean age of participants was 15.62 (SE = 1.1) years old. Majorityof participants were aware regarding pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (87.3%, 262 out of 300). Resultsshowed that, protection motivation was highly significant relationship with preventive behaviorand predicted 34% of its variance. We found all of the variables with the exception of perceivedsusceptibility, perceived severity, and response cost were related with protection motivation andexplained 22% of its variance. Conclusion: Promotion of students’ self-efficacy, and intention toprotect themselves from a health threat should be priorities of any programs aimed at promotingpreventive behaviors among students. It is also concluded that the protection motivation theory maybe used in developing countries, like Iran, as a framework for prevention interventions in an attemptto improve the preventive behaviors of students.

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Factors affecting quality of life in postmenopausal women, Isfahan, 2011

. Ensiyeh Norozi; . Firoozeh Mostafavi; . Akbar Hasanzadeh; . Mitra Moodi; . Gholamreza Sharifirad

Volume 3, Issue 10 , October 2013, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Context: Various studies have shown that quality of life in women after menopause undergoesradical changes. Several factors such as psycho‑social factors are associated with the qualityof ...  Read More Context: Various studies have shown that quality of life in women after menopause undergoesradical changes. Several factors such as psycho‑social factors are associated with the qualityof life during menopausal period. Aims: The present study surveyed the factors associatedwith quality of life of postmenopausal women in Isfahan, based on Behavioral Analysis Phaseof PRECEDE model. Settings and Design: This cross‑sectional study was conducted throughstratified random sampling among 200 healthy postmenopausal women in Isfahan in 2011.Subjects and Methods: Data were collected by two valid and reliable questionnaires (oneto assess the quality of life and the other to survey the factors associated with theBehavioral Analysis Phase of PRECEDE model). Data analysis was performed using SPSSsoftware (version 18) and analytical and descriptive statistics. Results: Pearson correlationindicated a positive and significant correlation between the quality of life and attitude towardmenopause, perceived self‑efficacy, and enabling and reinforcing factors, but there was nosignificant relationship between the quality of life and knowledge about menopause. Also, thequality of life in postmenopausal women had significant correlation with their age, educationlevel, marital status, and employment status. Conclusion: Based on the present study, attitude,perceived self‑efficacy, perceived social support, and enabling factors are associated with thequality of life in postmenopausal women. So, attention to these issues is essential for betterhealth planning of women.

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A survey on the effects of husbands’ education of pregnant women on knowledge, attitude, and reducing elective cesarean section

. Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Mohsen Rezaeian; . Raheleh Soltani; . Somayeh Javaheri; . Maryam Amidi Mazaheri

Volume 3, Issue 9 , September 2013, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Nowadays, cesarean section rate is increasing in Iran and throughout theworld. Cesarean section is one of the major surgical procedures, which carry serious andrarely fetal ...  Read More Background: Nowadays, cesarean section rate is increasing in Iran and throughout theworld. Cesarean section is one of the major surgical procedures, which carry serious andrarely fetal risk for mother and child. This study was conducted to determine the effects ofhealth education on husbands of pregnant women in reducing elective cesarean section.Materials and Methods: This study was a trial study, in which 88 pregnant women between28‑32 weeks of pregnancy, who referred to the private clinics in Isfahan, were randomlyassigned into case and control groups. The husbands of the women within case group wereeducated about cesarean and vaginal delivery. At the beginning of study and 4 weeks afteran educational intervention, the knowledge and attitude of 3 groups (cases, controls, andhusbands of case group) were determined. The type of delivery was determined by phone call.Findings: Educational intervention on husbands caused a significant increase in the knowledgeand a positive attitude in mothers within case group towards vaginal delivery. Elective cesareansection in case group was significantly lower than that of the control group (29.5% vs. 50%,P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that husbands’ education caneffectively increase the knowledge and improve the attitude of their wives, and reduce the rateof elective cesarean section.

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