Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: The family is one of the important social institutions and the function of childbearing
is one of the important functions of the family. The decision to have children depends on the
individual’s attitude about the consequences of having another child and their perceived norms.
Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between attitudes toward fertility
and childbearing and the value of children with attitudes toward fertility control in married women
aged 15 to 45 years in Isfahan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a cross‑sectional correlational study that was
performed on 500 married women with at least one child in health centers affiliated to Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tools in this study were standard questionnaires.
The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.
RESULTS: The mean score of attitude toward fertility control was 40.43 ± 9.03. The area of security
in old age and the area of procrastination had the highest mean values of children and attitudes
toward fertility and childbearing, respectively. Analysis of data by Spearman test showed that there
is a significant relationship between all dimensions of child value and attitudes toward fertility and
childbearing with attitudes toward fertility control (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: A positive attitude toward the child increases the likelihood of having children and
believing in the negative impact of the child on freedom reduces the likelihood of having a desire
for fertility. Changing attitudes of societies toward childbearing and less desire to have children
should not be sought only in material, economic, or social reasons but also cultural factors should
be considered in this area.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Candidiasis vaginitis is an opportunistic and common mucosal infection. Although
Candida albicans is the most common isolated species, other species of Candida such as Candida
glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis have also increased
significantly in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species in women with
candidal vaginal infection in order to promote health in women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional descriptive study was performed on nonpregnant
women of childbearing age who referred to health centers in Neyshabur in 2018. At the beginning of
the study, 163 people entered the study and the culture results were positive in 68 of them. In vitro,
culture was performed in subduxtrose agar medium containing chloramphenicol and gentamicin.
Species identification was performed using Candida specific culture medium (Saburo dextrose agar
and chloramphenicol). After culture, 15% of the residual wet slide with potash (KOH) was prepared
and observed with a lens. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 24.
RESULTS: The participants in the study were women with a mean age of 35.55 ± 5.47 and the
average number of deliveries was 1.38 ± 1.15. In this study, the prevalence of C. albicans was
59.7%, C. tropicalis was 14.8%, C. krusei was 15%, and C. glabrata was 7.61% and also krusei and
tropicalis were 3% simultaneously. Therefore, C. albicans was the most common species isolated
from clinical specimens.
CONCLUSION: In this study, the most common species after albicans were C. tropicalis and
cruciferous. Considering the role of C. glabrata in the development of resistance to antifungal drugs,
the lower prevalence of this species in the present study can be associated with improved treatment
outcomes in patients.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Spiritual health in the field of health has a great importance in mental disorders and
posttraumatic stress disorders, in treatment process. The present study was done aiming “determine
the effect of spiritual care education on the spiritual health of preeclamptic women with postpartum
stress disorder.”
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was done in 2017 on 260 women with
preeclampsia in Mashhad. Data collection was done with questionnaires Perinatal Posttraumatic
Stress Questionnaire (PPQ), the posttraumatic disorder checklist, Duke University Religion Index,
and the Spiritual Well‑Being Scale (SWBS). In the intervention group, first, women were educated
on spiritual care each day based on Richards and Bergin’s pattern, in three sessions, which lasted
45–60 min. The control group also received routine cares. All units completed the questionnaire
SWBS at the 8th postpartum period. P < 0.05 was meaningful.
RESULTS: After the intervention, this score of spiritual health in the intervention and control groups
had a significant difference with independent test (P = 0.004). Spiritual health significantly increased
in the interventional group.
CONCLUSIONS: Providing spiritual care to pregnant mothers with preeclampsia, increase their
spiritual health.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Maternal attachment to the fetus is a term used to describe the emotional relationship
between mother and fetus. This emotional connection increases during pregnancy and is reflected
in her feelings, perceptions, and behaviors. Mindfulness is important as one of the factors affecting
the mental health of people during pregnancy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to
determine the relationship between the dimensions of mindfulness and maternal attachment to the
fetus during pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was performed on 500 pregnant mothers referred
to health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The samples were entered into
the study by available sampling method and if they had inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria.
The research instruments were the Fetal Attachment Questionnaire and the Bauer Mindfulness
Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.
RESULTS: The results of the data showed that there was no significant relationship between the
overall score of mindfulness and the overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus (P = 0.62).
While from the dimensions of mindfulness such as “action with awareness” there was a significant
negative relationship (P = 0.03) with maternal attachment to the fetus and a significant positive
relationship “observation” with maternal attachment to the fetus (P = 0.03).
CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, there is a relationship between maternal
attachment to the fetus during pregnancy and a number of dimensions of mindfulness. For this
purpose, since mindfulness can increase the mother’s interactions with the fetus, and this interaction
begins during pregnancy and with the mother’s attachment to the fetus, it is important to pay attention
to this.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Maternal attachment to the fetus is an emotional bond and the unique relationship
of the pregnant woman to the fetus. Attachment is an important predictor of mental health. One of
the psychological factors affecting mental health is resilience and hope. The purpose of this study
was to determine the relationship between hope and resilience with promoting maternal attachment
to the fetus during pregnancy.
METHODS: This is a descriptive correlational study performed on 386 pregnant women referred to
community health centers in Isfahan‑Iran. The research instruments were standard questionnaires
of Hope Snyder, Conor and Davidson Resilience, and maternal attachment to the fetus of Cranley.
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation test.
RESULTS: The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the overall score
of maternal attachment to the fetus and the total score of hope (P = 0.73). The overall score of
maternal attachment to the fetus was positively and significantly correlated with hope subscales,
including thinking (P = 0.004) and path (P = 0.047). The overall score of maternal attachment to the
fetus was positively and significantly correlated with the overall score of resilience (P = 0.03). There
was a correlation between the dimensions of maternal attachment to the fetus, including interaction
with the fetus (P = 0.003) and self‑sacrifice (P = 0.015). Maternal role acceptance (P = 0.001) was
positively and significantly correlated with hope thinking subscale. Self‑sacrifice (P = 0.027) and
differentiation between self and fetus (P = 0.035) were positively and positively correlated with hope
path subscales. Self‑sacrifice (P = 0.03) and attribution to fetus (P = 0.001) had a significant positive
relationship with resilience.
CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that hope and resiliency are positively and
significantly associated with maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. Hope and resiliency
are positively and significantly associated with maternal attachment to the fetus, thus increasing the
expectation of pregnant mothers to increase their attachment to their fetus. As a result, they are paying
more attention to prenatal care, which can guarantee the health of their mothers and their babies.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Marital satisfaction is a situation in which the husband and wife enjoy marrying
and feeling emotional; on the other hand, the existence of religious beliefs has a significant effect on
family stability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between religious orientation,
sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction in women of reproductive age.
METHODS: This is a correlational study performed on 150 married women aged 45–45 years who
referred to Neyshabur comprehensive health services centers. The sampling method was clustered.
The present study used three questionnaires: Spinner Marital Satisfaction, Larson’s Sexual Satisfaction,
and Allport Religious Orientation Questionnaire. The reliability of these questionnaires was confirmed
by the retest method. T‑test, Pearson correlation, and one‑way ANOVA were used for data analysis.
RESULTS: Data analysis showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between religious
orientation and sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Religious commitment has a predictive
role in promoting sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction, with increasing religious commitment,
increasing sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction.
CONCLUSION: Psychologists and counselors in individual and couple counseling sessions with
sexual problems and marital dissatisfaction and premarital counseling can increase marital satisfaction
with regard to religious factors and religious and spiritual teachings.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The incidence of renal failure in children is increasing worldwide, and most renal
diseases do not show clinical symptoms for the patient. Moreover, given the importance of screening for
patient identification and prevention planning that result from screening, the present study was performed.
METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was performed on 292 children aged 7 years who referred
to Neyshabur health centers during 2017–2018. In addition, sampling was clustered. The first urine
sample was taken in the morning, and the dipstick test was performed. Data were analyzed using
SPSS software version 11.5 and Mann–Whitney, Chi‑square, and Pearson’s tests.
RESULTS: Of the 292 children, 142 (48.6%) were male and 150 (51.4%) were female. All the boys had
been circumcised. The children were 7‑year‑old. Urinary tract problems were present in 31 (10.61%)
children. Urinary problems were observed in 163 children (55.82%) considering crystalluria. Some
children had more than one type of urinary disorder. Pyuria was the most common disorder in
13 (8.7%) of the studied children, and proteinuria was the least common. Nitrite and hemoglobin
were not found in the urine of the studied children. There was a statistically significant relationship
between gender and white blood cell count (P < 0.001), crystalline oxalate (P = 0.004), and specific
gravity (P = 0.009). There was also a statistically significant relationship between urinary‑specific
gravity and pH (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic urinary problems may be identified by screening tests in school‑aged
children. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the exact cause of the obtained abnormal results
and determine whether or not they are related to renal disease in order to reduce the number of
people with untreated renal diseases in future.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Women make up half of the world’s population and play a critical role in the health
and well‑being of the family and society. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness
of existential psychotherapy on attitude to life and self‑flourishing of educated women homemakers.
METHODS: A quasiexperimental study with the pretest–posttest design is used in this work. The
research population included 68 homemakers with university education who live in Neyshabur, Iran.
Sampling method was available. The women were randomly assigned into two groups: intervention
and control groups. The women in the intervention group participated in 10 sessions of existential
therapy group. The data collection tool was a questionnaire of Life Regard Index (LRI) and Human
Flourishing Questionnaire (HFQ). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 21 using
Chi‑square, independent t‑test, and paired t‑test while P < 0.05 considered as a significant level.
RESULTS: Scores of attitude to life and self‑flourishing in educated homemakers before intervention
were not significantly different in the two groups. Independent t‑test showed that self‑flourishing
was significantly increased in the intervention group (90.88 ± 15.27) compared to the control
group (79.64 ± 15.87) (P = 0.004). The attitude to life was significantly increased in the intervention
group (35.79 ± 14.21) compared to the control group (27.50 ± 8.77) (P = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study emphasize that existential group therapy is effective
in attitude to life, and self‑flourishing of educated homemakers. This therapy can also be used to
enhance individual and social abilities the importance and impact of existential psychotherapy on
enhancing capabilities such as a positive attitude to life and self‑flourishing.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Growing interest in issues of attachment, sociocultural, psychological, and above
all clinical perspectives is also reflected in the emergence of research on “attachment style and
parental parenting style in referrals to addiction treatment centers.”
METHODS: This was a cross‑sectional study. Three health centers were selected randomly from
among the health centers of Neyshabur city in 2015–2016 year. The sampling was done so that all
individuals who had the characteristics of the research unit and had the consent to participate in
the study were justified by the researcher and completed questionnaire form. We used Chi‑square,
one‑way analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests.
RESULTS: In the present study, safe attachment scores in children with healthy parents were
significantly more than children with addicted parents.
CONCLUSION: Addiction has an important role in reducing attachment to children, and because
this decrease in attachment has dangerous consequences in child’s life.