Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: Couples’ attitudes toward infertility are related to different dimensions of infertility.
Counseling can change attitudes toward infertility in infertile couples. Therefore, this study was
conducted to determine and compare the effect of face‑to‑face counseling and telephone counseling
on infertility attitudes in infertile couples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This two‑group intervention study was performed on 34 infertile
couples who were randomly assigned to face‑to‑face and telephone counseling groups. The couple
attended counseling sessions as scheduled by the researcher. An Infertility Attitude Questionnaire
was completed by all participants at the beginning and end of the study. Data were analyzed using
SPSS software version 16.
RESULTS: The results of independent t test showed that after the intervention, the mean score
of attitude toward infertility in the face‑to‑face counseling group was significantly higher than
the telephone counseling group. Based on paired t test, the mean score of infertility attitude in
the face‑to‑face counseling group was significantly increased two weeks after the intervention
compared to before. The mean score of infertility attitude in the telephone counseling group was
significantly increased two weeks after the intervention compared to before. According to the results
of independent t test, the attitude score toward infertility was not statistically significant between
the two groups.
CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that with counseling, the mean score of
infertility attitude in infertile couples in both groups had increased. In other words, counseling can
change attitudes toward infertility in infertile people.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Fertility is always one of the most important functions of the family. Having a
child equals growing up and entering the adult world. Adoption is one of the methods that can be
considered to treat infertility. One of the duties of health professionals, especially midwives, is to
advise and educate infertile people, which helps them in a way beyond medical treatment. Therefore,
this study was conducted to determine the effect of face‑to‑face and telephone counseling on the
desire for adoption in infertile couples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a two‑group counseling intervention study that was
performed on 34 infertile couples referred to Mashhad Infertility Center. Infertile couples were randomly
assigned to face‑to‑face and telephone counseling groups. All participants completed the Adoption
Adoption Questionnaire at the beginning and end of the study. Data were analyzed by spss16 software.
RESULTS: The mean score of propensity to adopt in the face‑to‑face counseling group 2 weeks after
the intervention was significantly higher than before the intervention. Furthermore, the mean score
of desire for adoption in the telephone counseling group increased significantly 2 weeks after the
intervention compared to before (P < 0.001). Adoption scores varied in the face‑to‑face counseling group
at 3.15 and in the telephone counseling group at 3.23. There was no statistically significant difference
between the two groups (P < 0.885). The most common reason for not wanting to adopt was hope
for self‑treatment and having children (70.6% women and 67.6% men). The most common reason for
accepting an adopted child was the strong need to have a child (23.5% in women and 23.5% in men).
CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, counseling can increase people’s awareness
of the conditions of adoption and thus increase the desire of people to accept the adopted child. For
this reason, considering adoption counseling sessions for infertile couples who have been receiving
infertility treatment for a long time but have not become pregnant can help the couple decide.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Reproductive motivation is a complex issue that has cultural, behavioral, and
ideological roots and changes in the context of population transfer and economic and social
development. Reproductive motivations include positive and negative motivations that can be
influenced by education. Training can be done in different ways. It seems that face‑to‑face training
increases learning. On the other hand, face‑to‑face training increases participants’ cooperation and
desire for educational topics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare and determine the
effect of two counseling methods on the fertility motivation of infertile couples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS : This intervention study was performed on 68 men and women
with infertility referring to Milad Infertility Center in Mashhad in 2016–2017. Subjects were randomly
assigned to two methods of counseling. Participants completed written consent to participate in
the study. Infertile couples were included in the study if they met the inclusion criteria. The fertility
motivation questionnaire was completed by the participants at the beginning of the study before
the consultation and 2 weeks after the consultation. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS
Software Version 16.
RESULTS: According to the independent t‑test, there was no statistically significant difference
between the mean scores of positive fertility motivation in the two groups of face‑to‑face and telephone
counseling before the intervention. Independent t‑test showed that 2 weeks after the intervention,
there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of this variable (P = 0.283). There
was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of positive fertility motivation in the
face‑to‑face counseling group before and after the intervention. Further, in the telephone counseling
group, there was no significant difference between the mean scores of positive fertility motivation
in the two stages before and after the intervention. According to the independent t‑test, there was a
statistically significant difference between the mean scores of negative fertility motivation in the two
groups of face‑to‑face and telephone counseling before the intervention (P = 0.025). However, this
test showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of this variable
2 weeks after the intervention.
CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that face‑to‑face and telephone counseling did not
have a significant effect on fertility motivations of infertile couples. In other words, the mean scores
of positive and negative fertility motivations before and after counseling remained unchanged in both
groups and the two groups did not differ in this regard. In other words, the issue of fertility motivation
in infertile women can be affected by different characteristics such as social, family, cultural, and
economic conditions of individuals. If infertile people do not make having a child a necessity in their
lives and cope with it more easily, no counseling can change their motivation. On the other hand,
if infertile women consider having a child as an essential part of their married life and the health of
their married life, counseling can have the greatest effect on them.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Many infertile people have heard about adoption, but little is known about the true
meaning of adoption and how it is accepted. Giving the right information about adoption is effective
in making the right decision for couples. As a result, there is a need to intervene and provide training
to improve community attitudes and increase adoption among infertile people. Therefore, the present
study aimed to determine the effect of two counseling methods (face‑to‑face and telephone) on
awareness and attitude toward adoption in infertile couples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a randomized quasi‑experimental study of two
groups in the Milad Infertility Center of Mashhad on 34 (each group of 17 couples) infertile couples
with the criteria to enter the study. Couples were randomly assigned to two telephone and face‑to‑face
counseling groups, and each individual’s awareness and attitudes toward adoption were completed
separately before and after counseling. The average number of face‑to‑face sessions for face‑to‑face
counseling was three 60‑min sessions and six 30‑min sessions for telephone counseling.
RESULTS: Based on the results of t‑test, there was a statistically significant difference between
the average score of awareness of adoption before and after the intervention (2 weeks after the
last counseling session), in infertile couples in face‑to‑face training group and in telephone training
group (P < 0.0001). The score of the attitude toward adoption before counseling in the face‑to‑face
counseling group was 60.55 ± 5.5, which reached 66.76 ± 4.7 after counseling. Based on the results
of the T‑pair test, this difference was significant (P < 0.0001). In addition, in the telephone counseling
group, the score of attitude toward adoption increased from 59.53. 7.4 to 67.73 ± 7.5, which was a
significant difference in terms of t‑pair test. The mean score of attitudes toward adoption was not
statistically significant in the two groups (P = 0.653).
CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that both counseling methods (face to face and
telephone) increase the level of awareness and attitude of couples about adoption, but neither
method was superior to the other.